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Counterfactual explanations (CE) explain model decisions by identifying input modifications that lead to different predictions. Most existing methods operate at the instance level. Distributional Counterfactual Explanations (DCE) extend…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Yikai Gu , Lele Cao , Bo Zhao , Lei Lei , Lei You

Displaying confidence scores in human-AI interaction has been shown to help build trust between humans and AI systems. However, most existing research uses only the confidence score as a form of communication. As confidence scores are just…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-03-13 Thao Le , Tim Miller , Ronal Singh , Liz Sonenberg

Counterfactual explanations have been a popular method of post-hoc explainability for a variety of settings in Machine Learning. Such methods focus on explaining classifiers by generating new data points that are similar to a given…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-21 Joshua Nathaniel Williams , Anurag Katakkar , Hoda Heidari , J. Zico Kolter

Counterfactual explanations (CFE) are being widely used to explain algorithmic decisions, especially in consequential decision-making contexts (e.g., loan approval or pretrial bail). In this context, CFEs aim to provide individuals affected…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-09 Kiarash Mohammadi , Amir-Hossein Karimi , Gilles Barthe , Isabel Valera

Counterfactual Explanations (CEs) have received increasing interest as a major methodology for explaining neural network classifiers. Usually, CEs for an input-output pair are defined as data points with minimum distance to the input that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-05 Junqi Jiang , Jianglin Lan , Francesco Leofante , Antonio Rago , Francesca Toni

Machine learning (ML) applications have automated numerous real-life tasks, improving both private and public life. However, the black-box nature of many state-of-the-art models poses the challenge of model verification; how can one be sure…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-19 Ioannis Papantonis , Vaishak Belle

Counterfactual explanations have emerged as a promising method for elucidating the behavior of opaque black-box models. Recently, several works leveraged pixel-space diffusion models for counterfactual generation. To handle noisy,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-11 Karim Farid , Simon Schrodi , Max Argus , Thomas Brox

As AI models grow more complex, explainability is essential for building trust, yet concept-based counterfactual methods still face a trade-off between expressivity and efficiency. Representing underlying concepts as atomic sets is fast but…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Angeliki Dimitriou , Nikolaos Chaidos , Maria Lymperaiou , Giorgos Filandrianos , Giorgos Stamou

There are now many explainable AI methods for understanding the decisions of a machine learning model. Among these are those based on counterfactual reasoning, which involve simulating features changes and observing the impact on the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-15 Vincent Lemaire , Nathan Le Boudec , Victor Guyomard , Françoise Fessant

Counterfactual explanation is a common class of methods to make local explanations of machine learning decisions. For a given instance, these methods aim to find the smallest modification of feature values that changes the predicted…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-12-22 Victor Guyomard , Françoise Fessant , Thomas Guyet , Tassadit Bouadi , Alexandre Termier

Visual counterfactual explanations are ideal hypothetical images that change the decision-making of the classifier with high confidence toward the desired class while remaining visually plausible and close to the initial image. In this…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Tung Luu , Nam Le , Duc Le , Bac Le

Counterfactual explanations (CE) are the de facto method for providing insights into black-box decision-making models by identifying alternative inputs that lead to different outcomes. However, existing CE approaches, including group and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-13 Lei You , Lele Cao , Mattias Nilsson , Bo Zhao , Lei Lei

In this work, we propose a model-agnostic instance-based post-hoc explainability method for time series classification. The proposed algorithm, namely Time-CF, leverages shapelets and TimeGAN to provide counterfactual explanations for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-05 Qi Huang , Wei Chen , Thomas Bäck , Niki van Stein

Counterfactual Explanations are becoming a de-facto standard in post-hoc interpretable machine learning. For a given classifier and an instance classified in an undesired class, its counterfactual explanation corresponds to small…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Veronica Piccialli , Dolores Romero Morales , Cecilia Salvatore

Modern instance-based model-agnostic explanation methods (LIME, SHAP, L2X) are of great use in data-heavy industries for model diagnostics, and for end-user explanations. These methods generally return either a weighting or subset of input…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-03 Matt Chapman-Rounds , Marc-Andre Schulz , Erik Pazos , Konstantinos Georgatzis

Counterfactuals are a concept inherited from the field of logic and in general attain to the existence of causal relations between sentences or events. In particular, this concept has been introduced also in the context of interpretability…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-01-23 Pierluigi Francesco De Paola , Jared Miller , Alessandro Borri , Alessia Paglialonga , Fabrizio Dabbene

Counterfactual explanations are a common tool to explain artificial intelligence models. For Reinforcement Learning (RL) agents, they answer "Why not?" or "What if?" questions by illustrating what minimal change to a state is needed such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-27 Tobias Huber , Maximilian Demmler , Silvan Mertes , Matthew L. Olson , Elisabeth André

One of the prominent methods for explaining the decision of a machine-learning classifier is by a counterfactual example. Most current algorithms for generating such examples in the textual domain are based on generative language models.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Daniel Gilo , Shaul Markovitch

While reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms have been successfully applied to numerous tasks, their reliance on neural networks makes their behavior difficult to understand and trust. Counterfactual explanations are human-friendly…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-11 Jasmina Gajcin , Ivana Dusparic

Counterfactuals have been recognized as an effective approach to explain classifier decisions. Nevertheless, they have not yet been considered in the context of clustering. In this work, we propose the use of counterfactuals to explain…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-20 Georgios Vardakas , Antonia Karra , Evaggelia Pitoura , Aristidis Likas