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Speech and language models trained through self-supervised learning (SSL) demonstrate strong alignment with brain activity during speech and language perception. However, given their distinct training modalities, it remains unclear whether…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2024-02-01 Peili Chen , Linyang He , Li Fu , Lu Fan , Edward F. Chang , Yuanning Li

Recently, pioneer work finds that speech pre-trained models can solve full-stack speech processing tasks, because the model utilizes bottom layers to learn speaker-related information and top layers to encode content-related information.…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-12-17 Chengyi Wang , Yu Wu , Sanyuan Chen , Shujie Liu , Jinyu Li , Yao Qian , Zhenglu Yang

Pretrained self-supervised speech models excel in speech tasks but do not reflect the hierarchy of human speech processing, as they encode rich semantics in middle layers and poor semantics in late layers. Recent work showed that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Omer Moussa , Mariya Toneva

Self-supervised learning (SSL) has attracted increased attention for learning meaningful speech representations. Speech SSL models, such as WavLM, employ masked prediction training to encode general-purpose representations. In contrast,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-01 Takanori Ashihara , Marc Delcroix , Takafumi Moriya , Kohei Matsuura , Taichi Asami , Yusuke Ijima

To understand why self-supervised learning (SSL) models have empirically achieved strong performances on several speech-processing downstream tasks, numerous studies have focused on analyzing the encoded information of the SSL layer…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-06-07 Jialu Li , Mark Hasegawa-Johnson , Nancy L. McElwain

While supervised quality predictors for synthesized speech have demonstrated strong correlations with human ratings, their requirement for in-domain labeled training data hinders their generalization ability to new domains. Unsupervised…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-08 Erica Cooper , Takuma Okamoto , Yamato Ohtani , Tomoki Toda , Hisashi Kawai

Inspired by the humans' cognitive ability to generalise knowledge and skills, Self-Supervised Learning (SSL) targets at discovering general representations from large-scale data without requiring human annotations, which is an expensive and…

Self-supervised learning (SSL) models have achieved considerable improvements in automatic speech recognition (ASR). In addition, ASR performance could be further improved if the model is dedicated to audio content information learning…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-12-08 Genshun Wan , Tan Liu , Hang Chen , Jia Pan , Cong Liu , Zhongfu Ye

Self-supervised learning (SSL) models like Wav2Vec2, HuBERT, and WavLM have been widely used in speech processing. These transformer-based models consist of multiple layers, each capturing different levels of representation. While prior…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-13 Xinyu Liang , Fredrik Cumlin , Victor Ungureanu , Chandan K. A. Reddy , Christian Schuldt , Saikat Chatterjee

Enhancing explainability in speech self-supervised learning (SSL) is important for developing reliable SSL-based speech processing systems. This study probes how speech SSL models encode speaker-specific information via a large-scale…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-06 Aemon Yat Fei Chiu , Kei Ching Fung , Roger Tsz Yeung Li , Jingyu Li , Tan Lee

Self-supervised learning (SSL) approaches such as wav2vec 2.0 and HuBERT models have shown promising results in various downstream tasks in the speech community. In particular, speech representations learned by SSL models have been shown to…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-04-11 Eesung Kim , Jae-Jin Jeon , Hyeji Seo , Hoon Kim

Self-supervised learning (SSL) models have become crucial in speech processing, with recent advancements concentrating on developing architectures that capture representations across multiple timescales. The primary goal of these…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-01 Theo Clark , Benedetta Cevoli , Eloy de Jong , Timofey Abramski , Jamie Dougherty

Self-supervised models have revolutionized speech processing, achieving new levels of performance in a wide variety of tasks with limited resources. However, the inner workings of these models are still opaque. In this paper, we aim to…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Yassine El Kheir , Ahmed Ali , Shammur Absar Chowdhury

In this paper, we analyze the internal representations of a general-purpose audio self-supervised learning (SSL) model from a neuron-level perspective. Despite their strong empirical performance as feature extractors, the internal…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-18 Takao Kawamura , Daisuke Niizumi , Nobutaka Ono

Existing Self-Supervised Learning (SSL) models for speech typically process speech signals at a fixed resolution of 20 milliseconds. This approach overlooks the varying informational content present at different resolutions in speech…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-01-31 Jiatong Shi , Hirofumi Inaguma , Xutai Ma , Ilia Kulikov , Anna Sun

Textless self-supervised speech models have grown in capabilities in recent years, but the nature of the linguistic information they encode has not yet been thoroughly examined. We evaluate the extent to which these models' learned…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-13 Kinan Martin , Jon Gauthier , Canaan Breiss , Roger Levy

Although supervised deep learning has revolutionized speech and audio processing, it has necessitated the building of specialist models for individual tasks and application scenarios. It is likewise difficult to apply this to dialects and…

Utilizing Self-Supervised Learning (SSL) models for Speech Emotion Recognition (SER) has proven effective, yet limited research has explored cross-lingual scenarios. This study presents a comparative analysis between human performance and…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-01 Zhichen Han , Tianqi Geng , Hui Feng , Jiahong Yuan , Korin Richmond , Yuanchao Li

Self-supervised learning (SSL) foundation models have emerged as powerful, domain-agnostic, general-purpose feature extractors applicable to a wide range of tasks. Such models pre-trained on human speech have demonstrated high…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Eklavya Sarkar , Mathew Magimai. -Doss

Recently proposed self-supervised learning approaches have been successful for pre-training speech representation models. The utility of these learned representations has been observed empirically, but not much has been studied about the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-06 Ankita Pasad , Ju-Chieh Chou , Karen Livescu
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