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Here we show how time-resolved broadband optical spectroscopy can be used to quantify, with femtometer resolution, the oscillation amplitudes of coherent phonons through a displacive model without free tuning parameters, except an overall…
We use ultrafast x-ray pulses to characterize the lattice response of SrTiO3 when driven by strong terahertz (THz) fields. We observe transient changes in the diffraction intensity with a delayed onset with respect to the driving field.…
The detection of inelastically scattered soft X-rays with high energy resolution usually requires large grating spectrometers. Recently, photoelectron spectrometry for analysis of X-rays (PAX) has been rediscovered for modern spectroscopy…
Understanding structure at the atomic scale is fundamental for the development of materials with improved properties. Compared to other probes providing atomic resolution, electrons offer the strongest interaction in combination with…
Very short pulses of x-ray free-electron lasers opened the way to obtain diffraction signal from single particles beyond the radiation dose limit. For 3D structure reconstruction many patterns are recorded in the object's unknown…
Advances in our ability to understand and utilize the world around us have always relied on the development of advanced tools for probing and manipulating materials properties. X-ray matter interactions played a critical role in the…
The diffraction patterns of crystalline materials with local order contain sharp Bragg reflections as well as highly structured diffuse scattering. The instrumental requirements, experimental parameters and data processing techniques for…
Short-wavelength free-electron lasers with their ultrashort pulses at high intensities have originated new approaches for tracking molecular dynamics from the vista of specific sites. X-ray pump X-ray probe schemes even allow to address…
The advent of X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) has revolutionized fundamental science, from atomic to condensed matter physics, from chemistry to biology, giving researchers access to X-rays with unprecedented brightness, coherence, and…
The European X-ray Free Electron Laser (XFEL.EU) will provide unprecedented peak brilliance and ultra-short and spatially coherent X-ray pulses in an energy range of 0.25 to 25 keV . The pulse timing structure is unique with a burst of 2700…
Recent advances in electron microscopy trigger the question whether attosecond electron diffraction can resolve atomic-scale electron dynamics in crystalline materials in space and time. Here we explore the physics of the relevant…
The advent of X-ray Free Electron Lasers promises the possibility to determine the structure of individual particles such as microcrystallites, viruses and biomolecules from single-shot diffraction snapshots obtained before the particle is…
We theoretically propose a multidimensional high-harmonic echo spectroscopy technique which utilizes strong optical fields to resolve coherent electron dynamics spanning an energy range of multiple electron Volts. Using our recently…
Single-particle imaging experiments of biomolecules at x-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) require processing of hundreds of thousands (or more) of images that contain very few x-rays. Each low-flux image of the diffraction pattern is…
We introduce ultrafast low-energy electron diffraction (ULEED) in backscattering for the study of structural dynamics at surfaces. Using a tip-based source of ultrashort electron pulses, we investigate the optically-driven transition…
We apply a Bloch-bands approach to the analysis of pulsed optical standing wave diffractive elements in optics and interferometry with ultracold atoms. We verify our method by comparison to a series of experiments with Bose-Einstein…
We report 3D coherent diffractive imaging of Au/Pd core-shell nanoparticles with 6 nm resolution on 5-6 femtosecond timescales. We measured single-shot diffraction patterns of core-shell nanoparticles using very intense and short x-ray free…
The time evolution of the electron density and the resulting time dependence of X-ray diffraction peak intensity in a crystal irradiated by highly intense femtosecond pulses of an XFEL is investigated theoretically on the basis of rate…
Oscillatory signals from coherently excited phonons are regularly observed in ultrafast pump-probe experiments on condensed matter samples. Electron-phonon coupling implies that coherent phonons also modulate the electronic band structure.…
We propose a method for a straightforward characterization of the temporal shape of femtosecond pulses in the extreme-ultraviolet/soft X-ray spectral region. The approach is based on the presence of a significant linear frequency chirp in…