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Reinforcement learning (RL) is a framework to optimize a control policy using rewards that are revealed by the system as a response to a control action. In its standard form, RL involves a single agent that uses its policy to accomplish a…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-11-24 Juan Cervino , Juan Andres Bazerque , Miguel Calvo-Fullana , Alejandro Ribeiro

We investigate a classification problem using multiple mobile agents capable of collecting (partial) pose-dependent observations of an unknown environment. The objective is to classify an image over a finite time horizon. We propose a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-08-07 Hossein K. Mousavi , Mohammadreza Nazari , Martin Takáč , Nader Motee

Multi-agent large language model (LLM) architectures increasingly rely on response-level aggregation, such as Majority Voting (MAJ), to raise reasoning ceilings. However, in open environments, agents are highly susceptible to stealthy…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Jiayuan Liu , Shiyi Du , Weihua Du , Mingyu Guo , Vincent Conitzer

In safety-critical robotic tasks, potential failures must be reduced, and multiple constraints must be met, such as avoiding collisions, limiting energy consumption, and maintaining balance. Thus, applying safe reinforcement learning (RL)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-27 Dohyeong Kim , Kyungjae Lee , Songhwai Oh

Effective collaboration in multi-agent systems requires communicating goals and intentions between agents. Current agent frameworks often suffer from dependencies on single-agent execution and lack robust inter-module communication,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-18 Xihe Qiu , Haoyu Wang , Xiaoyu Tan , Chao Qu , Yujie Xiong , Yuan Cheng , Yinghui Xu , Wei Chu , Yuan Qi

Cooperative Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) solves complex tasks that require coordination from multiple agents, but is often limited to either local (independent learning) or global (centralized learning) perspectives. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-26 David Eckel , Henri Meeß

[Context] Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) has achieved notable success in environments where agents must learn coordinated behaviors. However, transferring knowledge across agents remains challenging in non-stationary environments…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-21 Kathrin Korte , Christian Medeiros Adriano , Sona Ghahremani , Holger Giese

In recent years, Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown great abilities in various tasks, including question answering, arithmetic problem solving, and poem writing, among others. Although research on LLM-as-an-agent has shown that LLM can…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2024-05-21 Chuanneng Sun , Songjun Huang , Dario Pompili

The deployment of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) swarms as dynamic communication relays is critical for next-generation tactical networks. However, operating in contested environments requires solving a complex trade-off, including…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Thai Duong Nguyen , Ngoc-Tan Nguyen , Thanh-Dao Nguyen , Nguyen Van Huynh , Dinh-Hieu Tran , Symeon Chatzinotas

A central problem in the theory of multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) is to understand what structural conditions and algorithmic principles lead to sample-efficient learning guarantees, and how these considerations change as we move…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-02 Dylan J. Foster , Dean P. Foster , Noah Golowich , Alexander Rakhlin

Multi-agent systems have demonstrated exceptional performance in downstream tasks beyond diverse single agent baselines. A growing body of work has explored ways to improve their reasoning and collaboration, from vote, debate, to complex…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Yu Yao , Jiayi Dong , Yang Yang , Ju Li , Yilun Du

This work shows an approach to achieve output consensus among heterogeneous agents in a multi-agent environment where each agent is subject to input constraints. The communication among agents is described by a time-varying…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-06-03 Chong Jin Ong , Bonan Hou

Multi-agent Reinforcement learning (MARL) studies the behaviour of multiple learning agents that coexist in a shared environment. MARL is more challenging than single-agent RL because it involves more complex learning dynamics: the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-04-26 Roger Creus Castanyer

Large language model (LLM) agents increasingly collaborate over peer-to-peer networks to improve their reliability. However, these same interactions can also become a source of vulnerability, as unreliable or Byzantine agents may sway…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Haejoon Lee , Vincent-Daniel Yun , Hyeonho Oh , Dimitra Panagou , Sai Praneeth Karimireddy

Deep reinforcement learning (RL) is a powerful approach to complex decision making. However, one issue that limits its practical application is its brittleness, sometimes failing to train in the presence of small changes in the environment.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-27 Jung-Hoon Cho , Vindula Jayawardana , Sirui Li , Cathy Wu

Social psychology and real experiences show that cognitive consistency plays an important role to keep human society in order: if people have a more consistent cognition about their environments, they are more likely to achieve better…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-02-11 Hangyu Mao , Wulong Liu , Jianye Hao , Jun Luo , Dong Li , Zhengchao Zhang , Jun Wang , Zhen Xiao

Analysing learning in Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) environments is challenging, in particular with respect to \textit{individual} decision-making. Practitioners frequently struggle to compare training runs due to the inherent…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-05-29 James Rudd-Jones , María Pérez-Ortiz , Mirco Musolesi

In this paper, we study the problem of robust cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning (RL) where a large number of cooperative agents with distributed information aim to learn policies in the presence of \emph{stochastic} and…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Muhammad Aneeq uz Zaman , Mathieu Laurière , Alec Koppel , Tamer Başar

In order to collaborate efficiently with unknown partners in cooperative control settings, adaptation of the partners based on online experience is required. The rather general and widely applicable control setting, where each cooperation…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2019-10-30 Florian Köpf , Samuel Tesfazgi , Michael Flad , Sören Hohmann

This paper introduces a novel, open-source MARL simulation framework for studying implicit cooperation in LEMs, modeled as a decentralized partially observable Markov decision process and implemented as a Gymnasium environment for MARL. Our…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-19 Nelson Salazar-Pena , Alejandra Tabares , Andres Gonzalez-Mancera