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In the last decade, deep learning has achieved great success in machine learning tasks where the input data is represented with different levels of abstractions. Driven by the recent research in reinforcement learning using deep neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-18 Dejan Markovikj

The paper studies the highly prototypical Fictitious Play (FP) algorithm, as well as a broad class of learning processes based on best-response dynamics, that we refer to as FP-type algorithms. A well-known shortcoming of FP is that, while…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2015-04-21 Brian Swenson , Soummya Kar , Joao Xavier

Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) is a paradigm of artificial intelligence where an agent uses a neural network to learn which actions to take in a given environment. DRL has recently gained traction from being able to solve complex…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Rajdeep Singh Hundal , Yan Xiao , Xiaochun Cao , Jin Song Dong , Manuel Rigger

Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) brings the power of deep neural networks to bear on the generic task of trial-and-error learning, and its effectiveness has been convincingly demonstrated on tasks such as Atari video games and the game of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-10-04 Marta Garnelo , Kai Arulkumaran , Murray Shanahan

Significant progress has been made in AI for games, including board games, MOBA, and RTS games. However, complex agents are typically developed in an embedded manner, directly accessing game state information, unlike human players who rely…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Tianyang Wu , Lipeng Wan , Yuhang Wang , Qiang Wan , Xuguang Lan

Recent advances in reinforcement learning have shown that language models can develop sophisticated reasoning through training on tasks with verifiable rewards, but these approaches depend on human-curated problem-answer pairs and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Bo Liu , Leon Guertler , Simon Yu , Zichen Liu , Penghui Qi , Daniel Balcells , Mickel Liu , Cheston Tan , Weiyan Shi , Min Lin , Wee Sun Lee , Natasha Jaques

Imperfect-information multiplayer games test whether agents can act under hidden information, sparse rewards, and non-stationary opponents. We study these challenges in Big 2, a four-player imperfect-information card game. We develop a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Aalok Patwa

Recent work in deep reinforcement learning (RL) has produced algorithms capable of mastering challenging games such as Go, chess, or shogi. In these works the RL agent directly observes the natural state of the game and controls that state…

Reinforcement learning (RL) has been successful in training agents in various learning environments, including video-games. However, such work modifies and shrinks the action space from the game's original. This is to avoid trying…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-05-27 Anssi Kanervisto , Christian Scheller , Ville Hautamäki

Axie infinity is a complicated card game with a huge-scale action space. This makes it difficult to solve this challenge using generic Reinforcement Learning (RL) algorithms. We propose a hybrid RL framework to learn action representations…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-08-17 Zhiyuan Yao , Tianyu Shi , Site Li , Yiting Xie , Yuanyuan Qin , Xiongjie Xie , Huan Lu , Yan Zhang

Recently, there have been several high-profile achievements of agents learning to play games against humans and beat them. In this paper, we study the problem of training intelligent agents in service of game development. Unlike the agents…

In this work, we propose, for the first time, a reinforcement learning framework specifically designed for zero-sum linear-quadratic stochastic differential games. This approach offers a generalized solution for scenarios in which accurate…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-02-10 Yiyuan Wang

Although there has been remarkable progress and impressive performance on reinforcement learning (RL) on Atari games, there are many problems with challenging characteristics that have not yet been explored in Deep Learning for RL. These…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-09-17 Akshat Agarwal , Ryan Hope , Katia Sycara

Making sophisticated, robust, and safe sequential decisions is at the heart of intelligent systems. This is especially critical for planning in complex multi-agent environments, where agents need to anticipate other agents' intentions and…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-01-29 Yichuan Charlie Tang

Reinforcement learning (RL) is successful at learning to play games where the entire environment is visible. However, RL approaches are challenged in complex games like Starcraft II and in real-world environments where the entire…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-13 Elizabeth Gilmour , Noah Plotkin , Leslie Smith

Driven by recent successes in two-player, zero-sum game solving and playing, artificial intelligence work on games has increasingly focused on algorithms that produce equilibrium-based strategies. However, this approach has been less…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-06-24 Dustin Morrill , Ryan D'Orazio , Reca Sarfati , Marc Lanctot , James R. Wright , Amy Greenwald , Michael Bowling

In this thesis, we research learning algorithms for optimal decision making in two different contexts, Reinforcement Learning in Part I and Auction Design in Part II. Reinforcement learning (RL) is an area of machine learning that is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-07 Jad Rahme

Asymmetrical multiplayer (AMP) game is a popular game genre which involves multiple types of agents competing or collaborating with each other in the game. It is difficult to train powerful agents that can defeat top human players in AMP…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-04-21 Chenglu Sun , Yichi Zhang , Yu Zhang , Ziling Lu , Jingbin Liu , Sijia Xu , Weidong Zhang

Robust Reinforcement Learning (RL) focuses on improving performances under model errors or adversarial attacks, which facilitates the real-life deployment of RL agents. Robust Adversarial Reinforcement Learning (RARL) is one of the most…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-27 Peide Huang , Mengdi Xu , Fei Fang , Ding Zhao

Model-free reinforcement learning (RL) can be used to learn effective policies for complex tasks, such as Atari games, even from image observations. However, this typically requires very large amounts of interaction -- substantially more,…

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