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We present a reinforcement learning (RL) based guidance system for automated theorem proving geared towards Finding Longer Proofs (FLoP). Unlike most learning based approaches, we focus on generalising from very little training data and…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2021-06-30 Zsolt Zombori , Adrián Csiszárik , Henryk Michalewski , Cezary Kaliszyk , Josef Urban

Theorem proving in natural mathematical language - the mixture of symbolic and natural language used by humans - plays a central role in mathematical advances and education, and tests aspects of reasoning that are core to intelligence. Yet…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-02 Sean Welleck , Jiacheng Liu , Ximing Lu , Hannaneh Hajishirzi , Yejin Choi

Large Language Models (LLMs) have exhibited exceptional performance across a broad range of tasks and domains. However, they still encounter difficulties in solving mathematical problems due to the rigorous and logical nature of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Linzhuang Sun , Hao Liang , Jingxuan Wei , Bihui Yu , Conghui He , Zenan Zhou , Wentao Zhang

Mathematical theorem proving is an important testbed for large language models' deep and abstract reasoning capability. This paper focuses on improving LLMs' ability to write proofs in formal languages that permit automated proof…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Kefan Dong , Arvind Mahankali , Tengyu Ma

We consider the automatic online synthesis of black-box test cases from functional requirements specified as automata for reactive implementations. The goal of the tester is to reach some given state, so as to satisfy a coverage criterion,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-30 Ocan Sankur , Thierry Jéron , Nicolas Markey , David Mentré , Reiya Noguchi

The demand for synthetic data in mathematical reasoning has increased due to its potential to enhance the mathematical capabilities of large language models (LLMs). However, ensuring the validity of intermediate reasoning steps remains a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-19 Joshua Ong Jun Leang , Giwon Hong , Wenda Li , Shay B. Cohen

Formal methods is pivotal for verifying the reliability of critical systems through rigorous mathematical proofs. However, its adoption is hindered by labor-intensive manual proofs and the expertise required to use theorem provers. Recent…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Jilin Hu , Jianyu Zhang , Yongwang Zhao , Talia Ringer

Hyper-parameters of time series models play an important role in time series analysis. Slight differences in hyper-parameters might lead to very different forecast results for a given model, and therefore, selecting good hyper-parameter…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-12 Peiyi Zhang , Xiaodong Jiang , Ginger M Holt , Nikolay Pavlovich Laptev , Caner Komurlu , Peng Gao , Yang Yu

In this paper, we present a Homotopy Training Algorithm (HTA) to solve optimization problems arising from fully connected neural networks with complicated structures. The HTA dynamically builds the neural network starting from a simplified…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-07-01 Qipin Chen , Wenrui Hao

Attempts to render deep learning models interpretable, data-efficient, and robust have seen some success through hybridisation with rule-based systems, for example, in Neural Theorem Provers (NTPs). These neuro-symbolic models can induce…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-08-25 Pasquale Minervini , Sebastian Riedel , Pontus Stenetorp , Edward Grefenstette , Tim Rocktäschel

Automated proof generation for formal software verification remains largely unresolved despite advances in large language models (LLMs). While LLMs perform well in NLP, vision, and code generation, formal verification still requires…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Youngjoo Ahn , Sangyeop Yeo , Gijung Im , Jongmin Lee , Jinyoung Yeo , Jieung Kim

We describe a very large improvement of existing hammer-style proof automation over large ITP libraries by combining learning and theorem proving. In particular, we have integrated state-of-the-art machine learners into the E automated…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-04-04 Jan Jakubův , Josef Urban

Automated theorem proving has long been a key task of artificial intelligence. Proofs form the bedrock of rigorous scientific inquiry. Many tools for both partially and fully automating their derivations have been developed over the last…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-10-15 Brian Groenke

Latent tree learning(LTL) methods learn to parse sentences using only indirect supervision from a downstream task. Recent advances in latent tree learning have made it possible to recover moderately high quality tree structures by training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-24 Phu Mon Htut , Kyunghyun Cho , Samuel R. Bowman

We study the problem of learning hypergraphs with shortest-path queries (SP-queries), and present the first provably optimal online algorithm for a broad and natural class of hypertrees that we call orderly hypertrees. Our online algorithm…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Shaun Fallat , Kamyar Khodamoradi , David Kirkpatrick , Valerii Maliuk , S. Ahmad Mojallal , Sandra Zilles

Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) is capable of learning high-performing policies on a variety of complex high-dimensional tasks, ranging from video games to robotic manipulation. However, standard DRL methods often suffer from poor sample…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-04 Caleb Chuck , Supawit Chockchowwat , Scott Niekum

Mechanized theorem proving is becoming the basis of reliable systems programming and rigorous mathematics. Despite decades of progress in proof automation, writing mechanized proofs still requires engineers' expertise and remains labor…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2019-04-19 Yutaka Nagashima

We present an environment, benchmark, and deep learning driven automated theorem prover for higher-order logic. Higher-order interactive theorem provers enable the formalization of arbitrary mathematical theories and thereby present an…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2019-11-05 Kshitij Bansal , Sarah M. Loos , Markus N. Rabe , Christian Szegedy , Stewart Wilcox

In this paper we demonstrate how logic programming systems and Automated first-order logic Theorem Provers (ATPs) can improve the accuracy of Large Language Models (LLMs) for logical reasoning tasks where the baseline performance is given…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-08 Lachlan McGinness , Peter Baumgartner

Foundation models are transforming machine learning across many modalities, with in-context learning replacing classical model training. Recent work on tabular data hints at a similar opportunity to build foundation models for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-12 Andreas Müller , Carlo Curino , Raghu Ramakrishnan