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Formal verification using interactive theorem provers ensures high-quality software. However, writing proof scripts for interactive theorem provers is labor-intensive and requires deep expertise. Recent studies have leveraged deep learning…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Manqing Zhang , Yunwei Dong , Lingru Zhou , Bingxu Xiao , Yepang Liu

We introduce DeepSeek-Prover-V1.5, an open-source language model designed for theorem proving in Lean 4, which enhances DeepSeek-Prover-V1 by optimizing both training and inference processes. Pre-trained on DeepSeekMath-Base with…

We explore the application of transformer-based language models to automated theorem proving. This work is motivated by the possibility that a major limitation of automated theorem provers compared to humans -- the generation of original…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-09 Stanislas Polu , Ilya Sutskever

We use automated theorem provers to significantly shorten a formal development in higher order set theory. The development includes many standard theorems such as the fundamental theorem of arithmetic and irrationality of square root of…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-09-11 Chad E. Brown , Cezary Kaliszyk , Martin Suda , Josef Urban

Theorem proving is a fundamental aspect of mathematics, spanning from informal reasoning in natural language to rigorous derivations in formal systems. In recent years, the advancement of deep learning, especially the emergence of large…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-23 Zhaoyu Li , Jialiang Sun , Logan Murphy , Qidong Su , Zenan Li , Xian Zhang , Kaiyu Yang , Xujie Si

In this paper, we demonstrate how to do automated theorem proving in the presence of a large knowledge base of potential premises without learning from human proofs. We suggest an exploration mechanism that mixes in additional premises…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-15 Kshitij Bansal , Christian Szegedy , Markus N. Rabe , Sarah M. Loos , Viktor Toman

The synergy between deep learning models and traditional automation tools, such as built-in tactics of the proof assistant and off-the-shelf automated theorem provers, plays a crucial role in developing robust and efficient neural theorem…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Haoxiong Liu , Jiacheng Sun , Zhenguo Li , Andrew C Yao

We introduce a proof recommender system for the HOL4 theorem prover. Our tool is built upon a transformer-based model [2] designed specifically to provide proof assistance in HOL4. The model is trained to discern theorem proving patterns…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-01-13 Nour Dekhil , Adnan Rashid , Sofiene Tahar

Recent advancements have significantly enhanced the performance of large language models (LLMs) in tackling complex reasoning tasks, achieving notable success in domains like mathematical and logical reasoning. However, these methods…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Runquan Gui , Zhihai Wang , Jie Wang , Chi Ma , Huiling Zhen , Mingxuan Yuan , Jianye Hao , Defu Lian , Enhong Chen , Feng Wu

Neural models combining representation learning and reasoning in an end-to-end trainable manner are receiving increasing interest. However, their use is severely limited by their computational complexity, which renders them unusable on real…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-07-24 Pasquale Minervini , Matko Bosnjak , Tim Rocktäschel , Sebastian Riedel

Though the transformer architectures have shown dominance in many natural language understanding tasks, there are still unsolved issues for the training of transformer models, especially the need for a principled way of warm-up which has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-01 Wei Zhu , Xiaoling Wang , Xipeng Qiu , Yuan Ni , Guotong Xie

Automated Theorem Proving (ATP) deals with the development of computer programs being able to show that some conjectures (queries) are a logical consequence of a set of axioms (facts and rules). There exists several successful ATPs where…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-20 Gabriele Picco , Hoang Thanh Lam , Marco Luca Sbodio , Vanessa Lopez Garcia

Language models have become increasingly powerful tools for formal mathematical reasoning. However, most existing approaches rely exclusively on either large general-purpose models or smaller specialized models, each with distinct…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Nicolas Wischermann , Claudio Mayrink Verdun , Gabriel Poesia , Francesco Noseda

Interactive Theorem Provers (ITPs) are an indispensable tool in the arsenal of formal method experts as a platform for construction and (formal) verification of proofs. The complexity of the proofs in conjunction with the level of expertise…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-04-21 Eric Yeh , Briland Hitaj , Sam Owre , Maena Quemener , Natarajan Shankar

Meta-learning is a line of research that develops the ability to leverage past experiences to efficiently solve new learning problems. Meta-Reinforcement Learning (meta-RL) methods demonstrate a capability to learn behaviors that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-25 Brieuc Pinon , Jean-Charles Delvenne , Raphaël Jungers

Nowadays, formal theorem provers have made monumental progress on high-school and competition-level mathematics, but few of them generalize to more advanced mathematics. In this paper, we present REAL-Prover, a new open-source stepwise…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Ziju Shen , Naohao Huang , Fanyi Yang , Yutong Wang , Guoxiong Gao , Tianyi Xu , Jiedong Jiang , Wanyi He , Pu Yang , Mengzhou Sun , Haocheng Ju , Peihao Wu , Bryan Dai , Bin Dong

Decision trees are renowned for their ability to achieve high predictive performance while remaining interpretable, especially on tabular data. Traditionally, they are constructed through recursive algorithms, where they partition the data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-27 Yufan Zhuang , Liyuan Liu , Chandan Singh , Jingbo Shang , Jianfeng Gao

Deep learning has achieved impressive performance in many domains, such as computer vision and natural language processing, but its advantage over classical shallow methods on tabular datasets remains questionable. It is especially…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-25 Witold Wydmański , Oleksii Bulenok , Marek Śmieja

We give a simple, fast algorithm for hyperparameter optimization inspired by techniques from the analysis of Boolean functions. We focus on the high-dimensional regime where the canonical example is training a neural network with a large…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-01-23 Elad Hazan , Adam Klivans , Yang Yuan

Recent breakthroughs in Artificial Intelligence have shown that the combination of tree-based planning with deep learning can lead to superior performance. We present Adaptive Entropy Tree Search (ANTS) - a novel algorithm combining…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-03-16 Piotr Kozakowski , Mikołaj Pacek , Piotr Miłoś