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Visually Rich Documents (VRDs) play a vital role in domains such as academia, finance, healthcare, and marketing, as they convey information through a combination of text, layout, and visual elements. Traditional approaches to extracting…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Yihao Ding , Soyeon Caren Han , Jean Lee , Eduard Hovy

Understanding visually-rich business documents to extract structured data and automate business workflows has been receiving attention both in academia and industry. Although recent multi-modal language models have achieved impressive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-19 Zilong Wang , Yichao Zhou , Wei Wei , Chen-Yu Lee , Sandeep Tata

Visually Rich Document Understanding (VRDU) has emerged as a critical field in document intelligence, enabling automated extraction of key information from complex documents across domains such as medical, financial, and educational…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Yihao Ding , Soyeon Caren Han , Yan Li , Josiah Poon

Information extraction (IE) for visually-rich documents (VRDs) has achieved SOTA performance recently thanks to the adaptation of Transformer-based language models, which shows the great potential of pre-training methods. In this paper, we…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-07-07 Tuan-Anh D. Nguyen , Hieu M. Vu , Nguyen Hong Son , Minh-Tien Nguyen

Recently, automatically extracting information from visually rich documents (e.g., tickets and resumes) has become a hot and vital research topic due to its widespread commercial value. Most existing methods divide this task into two…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-15 Zhanzhan Cheng , Peng Zhang , Can Li , Qiao Liang , Yunlu Xu , Pengfei Li , Shiliang Pu , Yi Niu , Fei Wu

The use of visually-rich documents (VRDs) in various fields has created a demand for Document AI models that can read and comprehend documents like humans, which requires the overcoming of technical, linguistic, and cognitive barriers.…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Hao Wang , Qingxuan Wang , Yue Li , Changqing Wang , Chenhui Chu , Rui Wang

Context: Software development is a complex socio-technical process requiring a deep understanding of various aspects. In order to support practitioners in understanding such a complex activity, repository process metrics, like number of…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Dario Di Dario , Stefano Lambiase , Fabio Palomba , Carmine Gravino

Many business documents processed in modern NLP and IR pipelines are visually rich: in addition to text, their semantics can also be captured by visual traits such as layout, format, and fonts. We study the problem of information extraction…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-25 Mengxi Wei , Yifan He , Qiong Zhang

With the rapid proliferation of multimodal information, Visual Document Retrieval (VDR) has emerged as a critical frontier in bridging the gap between unstructured visually rich data and precise information acquisition. Unlike traditional…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Yibo Yan , Jiahao Huo , Guanbo Feng , Mingdong Ou , Yi Cao , Xin Zou , Shuliang Liu , Yuanhuiyi Lyu , Yu Huang , Jungang Li , Kening Zheng , Xu Zheng , Philip S. Yu , James Kwok , Xuming Hu

Visually rich documents (VRDs) are ubiquitous in daily business and life. Examples are purchase receipts, insurance policy documents, custom declaration forms and so on. In VRDs, visual and layout information is critical for document…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2019-03-28 Xiaojing Liu , Feiyu Gao , Qiong Zhang , Huasha Zhao

This paper shows that further evaluation metrics during model training are needed to decide about its applicability in inference. As an example, a LayoutLM-based model is trained for token classification in documents. The documents are…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-03 Anket Mehra , Malte Prieß , Marian Himstedt

This work explores knowledge distillation (KD) for visually-rich document (VRD) applications such as document layout analysis (DLA) and document image classification (DIC). While VRD research is dependent on increasingly sophisticated and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-13 Jordy Van Landeghem , Subhajit Maity , Ayan Banerjee , Matthew Blaschko , Marie-Francine Moens , Josep Lladós , Sanket Biswas

Visually Rich Document Understanding (VRDU) has become a pivotal area of research, driven by the need to automatically interpret documents that contain intricate visual, textual, and structural elements. Recently, Multimodal Large Language…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Yihao Ding , Siwen Luo , Yue Dai , Yanbei Jiang , Zechuan Li , Qiang Sun , Geoffrey Martin , Wei Liu , Yifan Peng

Document Understanding is an evolving field in Natural Language Processing (NLP). In particular, visual and spatial features are essential in addition to the raw text itself and hence, several multimodal models were developed in the field…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-18 Wiam Adnan , Joel Tang , Yassine Bel Khayat Zouggari , Seif Edinne Laatiri , Laurent Lam , Fabien Caspani

We call on the Document AI (DocAI) community to reevaluate current methodologies and embrace the challenge of creating more practically-oriented benchmarks. Document Understanding Dataset and Evaluation (DUDE) seeks to remediate the halted…

Document intelligence requires accurate text extraction and reliable reasoning over document content. We introduce \textbf{DISCO}, a \emph{Document Intelligence Suite for COmparative Evaluation}, that evaluates optical character recognition…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Kenza Benkirane , Dan Goldwater , Martin Asenov , Aneiss Ghodsi

The study of IR evaluation metrics through axiomatic analysis enables a better understanding of their numerical properties. Some works have modelled the effectiveness of retrieval metrics with axioms that capture desirable properties on the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-07-05 Fernando Giner

The overwhelming volume of data generated and indexed by search engines poses a significant challenge in retrieving documents from the index efficiently and effectively. Even with a well-crafted query, several relevant documents often get…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Aman Sinha , Priyanshu Raj Mall , Dwaipayan Roy

Building document-grounded dialogue systems have received growing interest as documents convey a wealth of human knowledge and commonly exist in enterprises. Wherein, how to comprehend and retrieve information from documents is a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-07-15 Zhenyu Zhang , Bowen Yu , Haiyang Yu , Tingwen Liu , Cheng Fu , Jingyang Li , Chengguang Tang , Jian Sun , Yongbin Li

Document expansion is a classical technique for improving retrieval quality, and is attractive since it shifts computation offline, avoiding additional query-time processing. However, when applied to modern retrievers, it has been shown to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Omri Uzan , Ron Polonsky , Douwe Kiela , Christopher Potts
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