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Feature weighting is a technique used to approximate the optimal degree of influence of individual features. This paper presents a feature weighting method for Document Image Retrieval System (DIRS) based on keyword spotting. In this…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2012-06-11 Mohammadreza Keyvanpour , Reza Tavoli

Visual Document Retrieval (VDR), which aims to retrieve relevant pages within vast corpora of visually-rich documents, is of significance in current multimodal retrieval applications. The state-of-the-art multi-vector paradigm excels in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Yibo Yan , Mingdong Ou , Yi Cao , Xin Zou , Jiahao Huo , Shuliang Liu , James Kwok , Xuming Hu

Recent deep research systems have improved the ability of large language models to produce long, grounded reports through iterative retrieval and reasoning. However, most text-centered systems rely mainly on textual evidence, while…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Zhuofan Shi , Peilun Jia , Baoqin Sun , Haiyang Shen , Sixiong Xie , Yun Ma , Xiang Jing

Information Retrieval (IR) allows the storage, management, processing and retrieval of information, documents, websites, etc. Building an IR system for any language is imperative. This is evident through the massive conducted efforts to…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2018-01-16 Bilal Abu-Salih

Conducting a systematic review (SR) is comprised of multiple tasks: (i) collect documents (studies) that are likely to be relevant from digital libraries (eg., PubMed), (ii) manually read and label the documents as relevant or irrelevant,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-01-19 Grace E. Lee , Aixin Sun

Understanding visually situated language requires interpreting complex layouts of textual and visual elements. Pre-processing tools, such as optical character recognition (OCR), can map document image inputs to textual tokens, then large…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-03 Wang Zhu , Alekh Agarwal , Mandar Joshi , Robin Jia , Jesse Thomason , Kristina Toutanova

Multi-modal document pre-trained models have proven to be very effective in a variety of visually-rich document understanding (VrDU) tasks. Though existing document pre-trained models have achieved excellent performance on standard…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Chuwei Luo , Guozhi Tang , Qi Zheng , Cong Yao , Lianwen Jin , Chenliang Li , Yang Xue , Luo Si

A systematic literature review (SLR) is a methodology used to find and aggregate all relevant existing evidence about a specific research question of interest. Important decisions need to be made at several points in the review process,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-12-22 Katia R. Felizardo , Stephen G. MacDonell , Emília Mendes , José Carlos Maldonado

Document Structured Extraction (DSE) aims to extract structured content from raw documents. Despite the emergence of numerous DSE systems, their unified evaluation remains inadequate, significantly hindering the field's advancement. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Zichao Li , Aizier Abulaiti , Yaojie Lu , Xuanang Chen , Jia Zheng , Hongyu Lin , Xianpei Han , Le Sun

This paper provides a comparison of current video content extraction tools with a focus on comparing commercial task-based machine learning services. Video intelligence (VIDINT) data has become a critical intelligence source in the past…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2022-07-12 Joshua Brunk , Nathan Jermann , Ryan Sharp , Carl D. Hoover

We study the problem of completing various visual document understanding (VDU) tasks, e.g., question answering and information extraction, on real-world documents through human-written instructions. To this end, we propose InstructDoc, the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-25 Ryota Tanaka , Taichi Iki , Kyosuke Nishida , Kuniko Saito , Jun Suzuki

We introduce the idea of Data Readiness Level (DRL) to measure the relative richness of data to answer specific questions often encountered by data scientists. We first approach the problem in its full generality explaining its desired…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2017-02-08 Hui Guan , Thanos Gentimis , Hamid Krim , James Keiser

Retrieving accurate details from documents is a crucial task, especially when handling a combination of scanned images and native digital formats. This document presents a combined framework for text extraction that merges Optical Character…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Rasha Sinha , Rekha B S

Accurately extracting structured content from PDFs is a critical first step for NLP over scientific papers. Recent work has improved extraction accuracy by incorporating elementary layout information, e.g., each token's 2D position on the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-06 Zejiang Shen , Kyle Lo , Lucy Lu Wang , Bailey Kuehl , Daniel S. Weld , Doug Downey

Leveraging vast training data, multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have demonstrated formidable general visual comprehension capabilities and achieved remarkable performance across various tasks. However, their performance in visual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-11 Chaohu Liu , Kun Yin , Haoyu Cao , Xinghua Jiang , Xin Li , Yinsong Liu , Deqiang Jiang , Xing Sun , Linli Xu

The extraction of object outlines has been a research topic during the last decades. In spite of advances in photogrammetry, remote sensing and computer vision, this task remains challenging due to object and data complexity. The…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-04-30 Sophie Crommelinck , Mila Koeva , Michael Ying Yang , George Vosselman

Machine learning (ML) models rely heavily on consistent and accurate performance metrics to evaluate and compare their effectiveness. However, existing libraries often suffer from fragmentation, inconsistent implementations, and…

Text-based visual descriptors--ranging from simple class names to more descriptive phrases--are widely used in visual concept discovery and image classification with vision-language models (VLMs). Their effectiveness, however, depends on a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Ethan Lin , Linxi Zhao , Atharva Sehgal , Jennifer J. Sun

Visually rich documents (VRDs) challenge retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) with layout-dependent semantics, brittle OCR, and evidence spread across complex figures and structured tables. This survey examines how Multimodal Large Language…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Xiantao Zhang

Advances in large language models have notably enhanced the efficiency of information extraction from unstructured and semi-structured data sources. As these technologies become integral to various applications, establishing an objective…