Related papers: Is There a 4th Law for Non-Ergodic Systems That Do…
The present effort addresses the question about the existence of a well-defined thermodynamic limit for the astrophysical systems with the following power law form: to tend the number of particles, N, the total energy, E, and the…
It is always some constraint that yields any nontrivial structure from statistical averages. As epitomized by the Boltzmann distribution, the energy conservation is often the principal constraint acting on mechanical systems. Here, we…
Apparent biodiversity on earth exists only if we compare different species separated from their environments. Meanwhile coexisting species have to be identical in terms of energetic interactions. Consider the biosphere as a network of…
We have considered the flat FRW model of the universe which is filled with only dark energy. The general descriptions of first and second laws of thermodynamics are investigated on the apparent horizon and event horizon of the universe. We…
It has long been known that, fundamentally different from a large body of rarefied gas, when a Knudsen gas is immersed in a thermal bath, it may never reach thermal equilibrium. The root cause is nonchaoticity: as the particle-particle…
Thermodynamics is traditionally concerned with systems comprised of a large number of particles. Here we present a framework for extending thermodynamics to individual quantum systems, including explicitly a thermal bath and work-storage…
The evolution of entropy is derived with respect to dynamical systems. For a stochastic system, its relative entropy $D$ evolves in accordance with the second law of thermodynamics; its absolute entropy $H$ may also be so, provided that the…
We disclose the thermodynamical properties of the apparent horizon in a nonsingular universe. We take into account the zero-point length correction to the gravitational potential and derive the modified entropy expression that includes…
In the previous analyses in the literature about the generalized second law (GSL) in an accelerated expanding universe the usual area relation for the entropy, i.e. $S={A\over 4G}$, was used for the cosmological horizon entropy. But this…
We study the variation of the massive black hole in both normal and extended thermodynamic phase spaces via two methods. The first method includes a charged particle absorbed by the black hole, while the second method includes a shell of…
Late-time cosmic acceleration has motivated the exploration of various extensions of general relativity, among which $f(Q,\mathcal{T})$ gravity, based on the non-metricity scalar $Q$ and the trace of the energy--momentum tensor…
This paper is a non-technical, informal presentation of our theory of the second law of thermodynamics as a law that is independent of statistical mechanics and that is derivable solely from certain simple assumptions about adiabatic…
The limits of the Second Law of Thermodynamics, which reigns undisputed in the macroscopic world, are investigated at the mesoscopic level, corresponding to spatial dimensions of a few microns. An extremely simple isolated system, modeled…
The role of thermodynamics in the evolution of systems evolving under purely gravitational forces is not completely established. Both the infinite range and singularity in the Newtonian force law preclude the use of standard techniques.…
The classical Second Law of Thermodynamics demands that an isolated system evolves with a non-diminishing entropy. This holds as well in quantum mechanics if the evolution of the energy-isolated system can be described by a unital quantum…
We study the dynamical behavior of spinor particles, and get the energy-momentum relation of charged particles by solving the Dirac equation. Based on the energy-momentum relation, we investigate the laws of thermodynamics and the weak…
Thermodynamics have been applied to astronomy, biology, psychology, some social systems and so on. But, various evolutions from astronomy to biology and social systems cannot be only increase of entropy. When fluctuations are magnified due…
A non-statistical theory of continuous, but irreversible, evolution can be constructed in terms of the Cartan calculus. The fundamental postulate, for an evolutionary theory which admits irreversible processes, is that the topology of the…
Life systems are complex and hierarchical, with diverse components at different scales, yet they sustain themselves, grow, and evolve over time. How can a theory of such complex biological states be developed? Here we note that for a…
Newton's third law, actio = reactio, is a foundational statement of classical mechanics. However, in natural and living systems, this law appears to be routinely violated for constituents interacting in a nonequilibrium environment. Here,…