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We analytically calculate the scalar induced gravitational waves (SIGWs) and find a log-dependent slope of SIGW in the infrared regions $(f<f_c)$, namely $n_{\mathrm{GW}}(f)=3-2/\ln(f_c/f)$, and $n_{\mathrm{GW}}(f)=2-2/\ln(f_c/f)$ near the…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-03-28 Chen Yuan , Zu-Cheng Chen , Qing-Guo Huang

Scalar Induced Gravitational Waves (SIGW) are generated at second order in perturbation theory and to achieve observational relevance, inflationary dynamics must evade the standard slow-roll scenario at small scales, generating large…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2026-05-27 Giovanni Piccoli

The recent detection of a stochastic gravitational wave background by pulsar timing arrays has opened a new window in understanding supermassive black hole binaries and in probing the universe at the early time. Recently, pulsar timing…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-04-24 Fengting Xie , Zhi-Chao Zhao , Qing-Hua Zhu , Xin Li

Scalar-induced Gravitational Waves (SIGWs) represent a particular class of primordial signals which are sourced at second-order in perturbation theory whenever a scalar fluctuation of the metric is present. They form a guaranteed Stochastic…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2024-03-12 Gabriele Perna , Chiara Testini , Angelo Ricciardone , Sabino Matarrese

Gravitational wave (GW) backgrounds of cosmological origin are expected to be nearly isotropic, with small anisotropies resembling those of the cosmic microwave background. We analyse the case of a scalar-induced GW background and clarify…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2023-01-18 Ema Dimastrogiovanni , Matteo Fasiello , Ameek Malhotra , Gianmassimo Tasinato

Cosmological solitons are widely predicted by scenarios of the early Universe. In this work, we investigate the isotropic background and anisotropies of gravitational waves (GWs) induced by soliton isocurvature perturbations, especially…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-04-04 Di Luo , Yan-Heng Yu , Jun-Peng Li , Sai Wang

In this letter we calculate the scalar induced gravitational waves (SIGWs) accompanying the formation of primordial black hole during the radiation dominated era in three different gauges, i.e. synchronous gauge, Newton gauge and uniform…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-03-28 Chen Yuan , Zu-Cheng Chen , Qing-Guo Huang

We study the scalar induced gravitational wave (GW) background in inflation with gravitationally enhanced friction (GEF). The GEF mechanism, which is realized by assuming a nonminimal derivative coupling between the inflaton field and…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2020-01-31 Chengjie Fu , Puxun Wu , Hongwei Yu

We investigate scalar-induced gravitational waves (SIGWs) in the framework of spatially covariant gravity (SCG), a broad class of Lorentz-violating modified gravity theories respecting only spatial diffeomorphism invariance. Extending…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-02-13 Jiehao Jiang , Jieming Lin , Xian Gao

We study the stochastic gravitational wave (GW) background induced by the primordial scalar perturbation with the spectrum having a lognormal peak of width $\Delta$ at $k=k_*$. We derive an analytical formula for the GW spectrum…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2020-09-30 Shi Pi , Misao Sasaki

We quantitatively study how the primordial density fluctuations are imprinted on the anisotropy of the phase transition gravitational wave (PTGW). Generated long before recombination and free from Silk damping, the anisotropic PTGW might…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2022-04-28 Yongping Li , Fa Peng Huang , Xiao Wang , Xinmin Zhang

Gravitational waves (GWs) are useful to test gravitational theories and to probe the physics in the early universe. In this paper, we investigate the scalar induced gravitational waves (SIGWs) in symmetric teleparallel gravity with a…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-09-15 Fengge Zhang , Jia-Xi Feng , Xian Gao

Usually, we assume that there is no inhomogeneity isotropic in terms of our location in the universe. This assumption has not been observationally confirmed yet in sufficient accuracy and we need to consider a method to restrict isotropic…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2018-07-16 Hiroyuki Negishi

Recently, the NANOGrav, PPTA, EPTA, and CPTA collaborations independently reported their evidence of the Stochastic Gravitational Waves Background (SGWB). While the inferred gravitational-wave background amplitude and spectrum are…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-12-21 Yi-Fu Cai , Xin-Chen He , Xiao-Han Ma , Sheng-Feng Yan , Guan-Wen Yuan

The question of whether the parity violation occurs in gravitational interaction has recently attracted much attention. In this paper, we investigate the scalar induced gravitational waves (SIGWs) in symmetric teleparallel gravity…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-08-21 Fengge Zhang

We consider the production of secondary gravity waves in Galileon inflation with an ultra-slow roll (USR) phase and show that the spectrum of scalar-induced gravitational waves (SIGWs) in this case is consistent with the recent NANOGrav…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2024-09-23 Sayantan Choudhury , Ahaskar Karde , Sudhakar Panda , M. Sami

A first-order phase transition in the early universe can give an observable stochastic gravitational background (SGWB), which will necessarily have primordial anisotropies across the sky. In multi-field inflationary scenarios, these…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2022-10-12 Arushi Bodas , Raman Sundrum

We present an in depth discussion of the production of gravitational waves from an inflationary phase that could have occurred in the early universe, giving derivations for the resulting spectrum and energy density. We also consider the…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2016-09-01 Martin White

Inflation generates gravitational waves, which may be observable in the low multipoles of the cosmic microwave background (cmb) anisotropy but only if the inflaton field variation is at least of order the Planck scale. Such a large…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2009-10-28 David H. Lyth

We present a mechanism for gravitational wave (GW) production from isocurvature perturbations in spectator scalar fields during inflation. These energetically subdominant fields develop blue-tilted power spectra through inflationary…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2025-12-05 Marcos A. G. Garcia , Sarunas Verner