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Probabilistic graphical models are powerful mathematical formalisms for machine learning and reasoning under uncertainty that are widely used for cognitive computing. However they cannot be employed efficiently for large problems (with…

Ising machines as hardware solvers of combinatorial optimization problems (COPs) can efficiently explore large solution spaces due to their inherent parallelism and physics-based dynamics. Many important COP classes such as satisfiability…

Non-deterministic polynomial-time (NP) problems are ubiquitous in almost every field of study. Recently, all-optical approaches have been explored for solving classic NP problems based on the spin-glass Ising Hamiltonian. However, obtaining…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2025-12-15 Louis Delloye , Gianni Jacucci , Raj Pandya , Davide Pierangeli , Claudio Conti , Sylvain Gigan

Periodically driven parametric oscillators offer a convenient way to simulate classical Ising spins. When many parametric oscillators are coupled dissipatively, they can be analogous to networks of Ising spins, forming an effective coherent…

A coherent Ising machine (CIM) is a network of optical parametric oscillators (OPOs), in which the "strongest" collective mode of oscillation at well above threshold corresponds to an optimum solution of a given Ising problem. When a pump…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-10-28 Y. Yamamoto , T. Leleu , S. Ganguli , H. Mabuchi

Sampling Boltzmann probability distributions plays a key role in machine learning and optimization, motivating the design of hardware accelerators such as Ising machines. While the Ising model can in principle encode arbitrary optimization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-01 Corentin Delacour , M Mahmudul Hasan Sajeeb , Joao P. Hespanha , Kerem Y. Camsari

The general-purpose programmable photonic processors offer a scalable and reconfigurable solution for a wide range of RF and optical applications. Therefore, implementing photonic Ising machines using programmable processors leverages the…

Probabilistic Bit (P-Bit) device serves as the core hardware for implementing Ising computation. However, the severe intrinsic variations of stochastic P-Bit devices hinder the large-scale expansion of the P-Bit array, significantly…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2024-10-23 Bolin Zhang , Yu Liu , Tianqi Gao , Jialiang Yin , Zhenyu Guan , Deming Zhang , Lang Zeng

Quantum simulators and processors are rapidly improving nowadays, but they are still not able to solve complex and multidimensional tasks of practical value. However, certain numerical algorithms inspired by the physics of real quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-12-19 Alexander E. Ulanov , Egor S. Tiunov , A. I. Lvovsky

Combinatorial optimization problems are crucial in industry. However, many COPs are NP-hard, causing the search space to grow exponentially with problem size and rendering large-scale instances computationally intractable. Conventional…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Eiji Kawase , Shuta Kikuchi , Hideaki Tamai , Shu Tanaka

Combinatorial problems such as combinatorial optimization and constraint satisfaction problems arise in decision-making across various fields of science and technology. In real-world applications, when multiple optimal or…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Yuta Mizuno , Mohammad Ali , Tamiki Komatsuzaki

The emergence of specialized optimization hardware such as CMOS annealers and adiabatic quantum computers carries the promise of solving hard combinatorial optimization problems more efficiently in hardware. Recent work has focused on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-05 Eldan Cohen , Avradip Mandal , Hayato Ushijima-Mwesigwa , Arnab Roy

Presented here is an algorithm for a type-II quantum computer which simulates the Ising model in one and two dimensions. It is equivalent to the Metropolis Monte-Carlo method and takes advantage of quantum superposition for random number…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 J. H. Cole , L. C. L. Hollenberg , S. Prawer

Coherent Ising Machine (CIM) is a network of optical parametric oscillators that can solve large-scale combinatorial optimisation problems by finding the ground state of an Ising Hamiltonian. As a practical application of CIM, Aonishi et…

The challenge posted by modern science is to find a way to compute the NP-hard problem. Here we present a coherent computation model based on the whispering-gallery mode micro-resonators. We introduce the optically connected…

Optics · Physics 2022-06-28 Yong-Pan Gao , Peng-Fei Lu , Chuan Wang

Solving intractable mathematical problems in simulators composed of atoms, ions, photons or electrons has recently emerged as a subject of intense interest. Here we extend this concept to phonons that are localised in spectrally pure…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2016-06-29 I. Mahboob , H. Yamaguchi

The exact solution of the Schrodinger equation for atoms, molecules and extended systems continues to be a "Holy Grail" problem for the field of atomic and molecular physics since inception. Recently, breakthroughs have been made in the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-06-02 Rongxin Xia , Teng Bian , Sabre Kais

The development of physical simulators, called Ising machines, that sample from low energy states of the Ising Hamiltonian has the potential to drastically transform our ability to understand and control complex systems. However, most of…

Computational Physics · Physics 2021-03-10 Timothee Leleu , Farad Khoyratee , Timothee Levi , Ryan Hamerly , Takashi Kohno , Kazuyuki Aihara

Determining properties of ground states of spin Hamiltonians remains a topic of central relevance connecting disciplines of mathematical, theoretical and applied physics. In the last few decades, ground state properties of physical systems…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-12-28 Jacob Biamonte

We theoretically propose a symmetric encryption scheme based on Restricted Boltzmann Machines that functions as a probabilistic Enigma device, encoding information in the marginal distributions of visible states while utilizing bias…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-07-24 Bin Chen , Weichao Yu