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Pre-trained language models have recently emerged as a powerful tool for fine-tuning a variety of language tasks. Ideally, when models are pre-trained on large amount of data, they are expected to gain implicit knowledge. In this paper, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-22 Mohamad Ballout , Ulf Krumnack , Gunther Heidemann , Kai-Uwe Kühnberger

For most languages of the world, language model pre-training operates in a data-constrained regime where models must repeat their training data many times, degrading generalization. Two remedies exist: aggressive hyperparameter tuning such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Paul Jeha , Anastasiia Sedova , Louis Béthune , Skyler Seto , Jes Frellsen , Pierre Ablin , Natalie Schluter

Physical measurements constitute a large portion of numbers in academic papers, engineering reports, and web tables. Current benchmarks fall short of properly evaluating numeracy of pretrained language models on measurements, hindering…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-17 Daniel Spokoyny , Ivan Lee , Zhao Jin , Taylor Berg-Kirkpatrick

Foundation models have recently gained attention within the field of machine learning thanks to its efficiency in broad data processing. While researchers had attempted to extend this success to time series models, the main challenge is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-22 Trang H. Tran , Lam M. Nguyen , Kyongmin Yeo , Nam Nguyen , Roman Vaculin

Task arithmetic has recently emerged as a promising method for editing pre-trained \textit{open-vocabulary} models, offering a cost-effective alternative to standard multi-task fine-tuning. However, despite the abundance of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Adam Hazimeh , Alessandro Favero , Pascal Frossard

The use of large pretrained neural networks to create contextualized word embeddings has drastically improved performance on several natural language processing (NLP) tasks. These computationally expensive models have begun to be applied to…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2019-12-03 Benjamin Clavié , Kobi Gal

While pretrained models such as BERT have shown large gains across natural language understanding tasks, their performance can be improved by further training the model on a data-rich intermediate task, before fine-tuning it on a target…

He et al. (2018) have called into question the utility of pre-training by showing that training from scratch can often yield similar performance to pre-training. We show that although pre-training may not improve performance on traditional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-22 Dan Hendrycks , Kimin Lee , Mantas Mazeika

Reusing pretrained base models for further pretraining, such as continual pretraining or model growth, is promising at reducing the cost of training language models from scratch. However, the effectiveness remains unclear, especially when…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Seng Pei Liew , Takuya Kato

Many real-world applications require making multiple predictions from the same text. Fine-tuning a large pre-trained language model for each downstream task causes computational burdens in the inference time due to several times of forward…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Kuan-Hao Huang , Liang Tan , Rui Hou , Sinong Wang , Amjad Almahairi , Ruty Rinott

Pretrained language models have improved effectiveness on numerous tasks, including ad-hoc retrieval. Recent work has shown that continuing to pretrain a language model with auxiliary objectives before fine-tuning on the retrieval task can…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-04-27 Eugene Yang , Suraj Nair , Ramraj Chandradevan , Rebecca Iglesias-Flores , Douglas W. Oard

The transformer-based pre-trained language models have been tremendously successful in most of the conventional NLP tasks. But they often struggle in those tasks where numerical understanding is required. Some possible reasons can be the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-13 Kuntal Kumar Pal , Chitta Baral

Unsupervised learning objectives like autoregressive and masked language modeling constitute a significant part in producing pre-trained representations that perform various downstream applications from natural language understanding to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Junghyun Min , Minho Lee , Woochul Lee , Yeonsoo Lee

Pre-trained vision-language models learn massive data to model unified representations of images and natural languages, which can be widely applied to downstream machine learning tasks. In addition to zero-shot inference, in order to better…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-28 Qian-Wei Wang , Yuqiu Xie , Letian Zhang , Zimo Liu , Shu-Tao Xia

Language models pretrained on text from a wide variety of sources form the foundation of today's NLP. In light of the success of these broad-coverage models, we investigate whether it is still helpful to tailor a pretrained model to the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-07 Suchin Gururangan , Ana Marasović , Swabha Swayamdipta , Kyle Lo , Iz Beltagy , Doug Downey , Noah A. Smith

Language models (LMs) are pre-trained on raw text datasets to generate text sequences token-by-token. While this approach facilitates the learning of world knowledge and reasoning, it does not explicitly optimize for linguistic competence.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Atsuki Yamaguchi , Maggie Mi , Nikolaos Aletras

Annotation noise is widespread in datasets, but manually revising a flawed corpus is time-consuming and error-prone. Hence, given the prior knowledge in Pre-trained Language Models and the expected uniformity across all annotations, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-12 Chang Shu

Masked language modeling (MLM), a self-supervised pretraining objective, is widely used in natural language processing for learning text representations. MLM trains a model to predict a random sample of input tokens that have been replaced…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-07 Atsuki Yamaguchi , George Chrysostomou , Katerina Margatina , Nikolaos Aletras

Language model pre-training and derived methods are incredibly impactful in machine learning. However, there remains considerable uncertainty on exactly why pre-training helps improve performance for fine-tuning tasks. This is especially…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-08 Matthew B. A. McDermott , Brendan Yap , Peter Szolovits , Marinka Zitnik

Supervised fine-tuning enhances the problem-solving abilities of language models across various mathematical reasoning tasks. To maximize such benefits, existing research focuses on broadening the training set with various data augmentation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Zhihan Zhang , Tao Ge , Zhenwen Liang , Wenhao Yu , Dian Yu , Mengzhao Jia , Dong Yu , Meng Jiang