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Basic principles of particle-in-cell (PIC ) codes with the main application for plasma-based acceleration are discussed. The ab initio full electromagnetic relativistic PIC codes provide the most reliable description of plasmas. Their…

Plasma Physics · Physics 2015-10-06 Alexander Pukhov

We propose a spectral Particle-In-Cell (PIC) algorithm that is based on the combination of a Hankel transform and a Fourier transform. For physical problems that have close-to-cylindrical symmetry, this algorithm can be much faster than…

Plasma Physics · Physics 2016-05-04 Remi Lehe , Manuel Kirchen , Igor A. Andriyash , Brendan B. Godfrey , Jean-Luc Vay

Relationships between sediment flux and geomorphic processes are combined with statements of mass conservation, in order to create continuum models of hillslope evolution. These models have parameters which can be calibrated using available…

Geophysics · Physics 2019-01-30 Jacob Calvert , Márton Balázs , Katerina Michaelides

Kinetic plasma processes, such as magnetic reconnection, collisionless shocks, and turbulence, are fundamental to the dynamics of astrophysical and laboratory plasmas. Simulating these processes often requires particle-in-cell (PIC)…

Plasma Physics · Physics 2025-06-11 S. R. Totorica , K. V. Lezhnin , W. Fox

The filamentation instability driven by two spatially uniform and counter-streaming beams of charged particles in plasmas is modelled by a particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation. Each beam consists of the electrons and positrons. The four…

Plasma Physics · Physics 2009-05-05 M E Dieckmann , P K Shukla , L Stenflo

We take issue with the conclusions in the recent publication by Savard et al. In the study, the authors implement a fully nonlinear charge- and energy-conserving implicit particle-in-cell method (ECC-IPIC), and use it to study the impact of…

Plasma Physics · Physics 2026-03-04 Luis Chacon , Guangye Chen , Lee Ricketson

The particle-in-cell (PIC) method is widely used to model the self-consistent interaction between discrete particles and electromagnetic fields. It has been successfully applied to problems across plasma physics including plasma based…

We introduce a model detector which registers the passage of a particle through the detector location, without substantially perturbing the particle wave function. (The exact time of passage is not determined in such measurements.) We then…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2009-09-25 Alexander Vilenkin , Serge Winitzki

Particle-in-cell (PIC) is the most used algorithm to perform self-consistent tracking of intense charged particle beams. It is based on depositing macro-particles on a grid, and subsequently solving on it the Poisson equation. It is well…

Accelerator Physics · Physics 2016-01-27 Frederik Kesting , Giuliano Franchetti

We present the standard electromagnetic Particle-in-Cell method, starting from the discrete approximation of derivatives on a uniform grid. The application to second-order, centered, finite-difference discretization of the equations of…

Computational Physics · Physics 2020-08-18 J. L. Vay

This paper introduces a novel formulation of the Particle-In-Cell (PIC) method for the modeling of relativistic plasmas, which leverages the ability of the Pseudo-Spectral Analytical Time-Domain solver (PSATD) to handle arbitrary time…

Plasma Physics · Physics 2023-12-29 Olga Shapoval , Edoardo Zoni , Remi Lehe , Maxence Thevenet , Jean-Luc Vay

Quantitative modeling has become an essential tool in modern biophysics, driven by advances in both experimental techniques and theoretical frameworks. Powerful high-resolution techniques now provide detailed datasets spanning molecular to…

Particles and fields are standard components in numerical simulations like transport simulations in nuclear physics and have very well understood dynamics. Still, a common problem is the interaction between particles and fields due to their…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2015-04-16 Christian Wesp , Hendrik van Hees , Alex Meistrenko , Carsten Greiner

A particle-in-cell algorithm is derived with a canonical Poisson structure in the formalism of finite element exterior calculus. The resulting method belongs to the class of gauge-compatible splitting algorithms, which exactly preserve…

Plasma Physics · Physics 2022-05-05 Alexander S. Glasser , Hong Qin

The Particle-In-Cell (PIC) and Monte Carlo Collisions (MCC) methods are workhorses of many numerical simulations of physical systems. Recently, it was pointed out that, while the two methods can be exactly - or nearly - energy-conserving…

Plasma Physics · Physics 2024-10-22 Jean-Luc Vay , Justin Ray Angus , Olga Shapoval , Remi Lehe , David Grote , Axel Huebl

We propose and study a Particle-In-Cell (PIC) method based on the Crank-Nicolson time discretization for the Vlasov-Poisson system with a strong and inhomogeneous external magnetic field with fixed direction, where we focus on the motion of…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-12-04 Francis Filbet , L Miguel Rodrigues , Kim Han Trinh

Particle-in-cell with Monte Carlo collisions (PIC/MCC) is a fully kinetic, particle based numerical simulation method with increasing popularity in the field of low temperature gas discharge physics. Already in its simplest form…

Plasma Physics · Physics 2022-06-15 Mate Vass , Peter Palla , Peter Hartmann

The quality of biomolecular simulations critically depends on the accuracy of the force field used to calculate the potential energy of the molecular configurations. Currently, most simulations employ non-polarisable force fields, which…

Biological Physics · Physics 2020-02-11 V. S. Sandeep Inakollu , Daan P. Geerke , Christopher N. Rowley , Haibo Yu

Projections of hypercubes have been applied to visualize high-dimensional binary state spaces in various scientific fields. Conventional methods for projecting hypercubes, however, face practical difficulties. Manual methods require…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2025-10-08 Yoshiaki Horiike , Shin Fujishiro

Accurate interaction potentials between microscopic components such as colloidal particles or cells are crucial to understanding a range of processes, including colloidal crystallization, bacterial colony formation, and cancer metastasis.…