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A quantum system's state is identified with a density matrix. Though their probabilistic interpretation is rooted in ensemble theory, density matrices embody a known shortcoming. They do not completely express an ensemble's physical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-06-30 Fabio Anza , James P. Crutchfield

We look into the ontology of quantum theory as distinct from that of the classical theory in the sciences, following a broadly Kantian tradition and distinguishing between the noumenal and phenomenal realities where the former is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-25 Avijit Lahiri

Contextuality is a central feature of quantum theory, traditionally understood as the impossibility of reproducing quantum measurement statistics using noncontextual ontological models. We study classical ontological descriptions in which a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Song-Ju Kim

Quantum sampling, a fundamental subroutine in numerous quantum algorithms, involves encoding a given probability distribution in the amplitudes of a pure state. Given the hefty cost of large-scale quantum storage, we initiate the study of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-10 Longyun Chen , Jingcheng Liu , Penghui Yao

Two particles are identical if all their intrinsic properties, such as spin and charge, are the same, meaning that no quantum experiment can distinguish them. In addition to the well known principles of quantum mechanics, understanding…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-05-11 Alessio Benavoli , Alessandro Facchini , Marco Zaffalon

Recent works have shown that defining a behavioural equivalence that matches the observational properties of a quantum-capable, concurrent, non-deterministic system is a surprisingly difficult task. We explore coalgebras over distributions…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Lorenzo Ceragioli , Elena Di Lavore , Giuseppe Lomurno , Gabriele Tedeschi

The multitime probability distributions obtained by repeatedly probing a quantum system via the measurement of an observable generally violate Kolmogorov's consistency property. Therefore, one cannot interpret such distributions as the…

The properties which give quantum mechanics its unique character - unitarity, complementarity, non-commutativity, uncertainty, nonlocality - derive from the algebraic structure of Hermitian operators acting on the wavefunction in complex…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-09-14 Tim Palmer

It is usually assumed that the quantum state is sufficient for deducing all probabilities for a system. This may be true when there is a single observer, but it is not true in a universe large enough that there are many copies of an…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2015-05-13 Don N. Page

According to a well-known principle of quantum physics, the statistics of the outcomes of any quantum experiment are governed by a Positive Operator-Valued Measure (POVM). In particular, for experiments designed to measure a specific…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-16 Sheldon Goldstein , Roderich Tumulka , Nino Zanghì

Applications of quantum mechanics have led to many successful predictions and explanations of puzzling phenomena, and we now apply quantum mechanics to gain, process, and communicate information in novel ways. We can understand quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-03 Richard Healey

Topological models of empirical and formal inquiry are increasingly prevalent. They have emerged in such diverse fields as domain theory [1, 16], formal learning theory [18], epistemology and philosophy of science [10, 15, 8, 9, 2],…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-08-01 Konstantin Genin , Kevin T. Kelly

A new formulation of quantum mechanics is developed which does not require the concept of the wave-particle duality. Rather than assigning probabilities to outcomes, probabilities are instead assigned to entire fine-grained histories. The…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-09-25 Andrew Gray

Similar formalisms have been independently developed in psychology, to deal with the issue of selective influences (deciding which of several experimental manipulations selectively influences each of several, generally non-independent,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-05-14 Ehtibar N. Dzhafarov , Janne V. Kujala

Due to lack of scientific understanding, some mechanisms may be missing in mathematical modeling of complex phenomena in science and engineering. These mathematical models thus contain some uncertainties such as uncertain parameters. One…

Probability · Mathematics 2012-04-05 Jinqiao Duan , Ting Gao , Guowei He

In this paper, we extend our previous discussion on ontological determinism, non-locality and quantum mechanics to that of the Sarfatti post-quantum mechanics perspective. We examine the nature of quantum equilibrium and non-equilibrium and…

General Physics · Physics 2018-07-26 Maurice Passman , Philip V. Fellman , Jonathan Vos Post , Avishai Passman , Jack Sarfatti

We introduce a logic modelling some aspects of the behaviour of the measurement process, in such a way that no direct mention of quantum states is made, thus avoiding the problems associated to this rather evasive notion. We then study some…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-11-06 Olivier Brunet

We study the possibility to describe pure quantum states and evens with classical probability distributions and conditional probabilities and show that the distributions and/or conditional probabilities have to assume negative values,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-16 Zeqian Chen

This paper presents a realistic, stochastic, and local model that reproduces nonrelativistic quantum mechanics (QM) results without using its mathematical formulation. The proposed model only uses integer-valued quantities and operations on…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-01-17 Antonio Sciarretta

In this didactical note I review in depth the rationale for using generalised canonical distributions in quantum statistics. Particular attention is paid to the proper definitions of quantum entropy and quantum relative entropy, as well as…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-06-03 Jochen Rau