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Sparse Mixture-of-Experts (SMoE) architectures are widely used in large language models (LLMs) due to their computational efficiency. However, though only a few experts are activated for each token, SMoE still requires loading all expert…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Yixiao Zhou , Ziyu Zhao , Dongzhou Cheng , zhiliang wu , Jie Gui , Yi Yang , Fei Wu , Yu Cheng , Hehe Fan

Transformer models based on the Mixture of Experts (MoE) architecture have made significant progress in long-sequence modeling, but existing models still have shortcomings in computational efficiency and the ability to capture long-range…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Cheng Li , Jiexiong Liu , Yixuan Chen , Jie ji

To deploy large Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models cost-effectively, offloading-based single-GPU heterogeneous inference is crucial. While GPU-CPU architectures that offload cold experts are constrained by host memory bandwidth, emerging…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Yudong Pan , Yintao He , Tianhua Han , Lian Liu , Shixin Zhao , Zhirong Chen , Mengdi Wang , Cangyuan Li , Yinhe Han , Ying Wang

By increasing model parameters but activating them sparsely when performing a task, the use of Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architecture significantly improves the performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) without increasing the inference…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Zeliang Zhang , Xiaodong Liu , Hao Cheng , Chenliang Xu , Jianfeng Gao

As the training of giant dense models hits the boundary on the availability and capability of the hardware resources today, Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models become one of the most promising model architectures due to their significant…

Recent frontier large language models predominantly rely on Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures. Despite empirical progress, there is still no principled understanding of how hyperparameters should scale with network width $N$, expert…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Leena Chennuru Vankadara , Moritz Haas , Luke Hayward , Sebastian Bordt , Alessandro Breccia

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) language models can reduce computational costs by 2-4$\times$ compared to dense models without sacrificing performance, making them more efficient in computation-bounded scenarios. However, MoE models generally…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Bowen Pan , Yikang Shen , Haokun Liu , Mayank Mishra , Gaoyuan Zhang , Aude Oliva , Colin Raffel , Rameswar Panda

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) shines brightly in large language models (LLMs) and demonstrates outstanding performance in plentiful natural language processing tasks. However, existing methods transforming LLMs from dense to MoE face significant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-04 Tingfeng Hui , Zhenyu Zhang , Shuohuan Wang , Yu Sun , Hua Wu , Sen Su

Neurons in large language models often exhibit \emph{polysemanticity}, simultaneously encoding multiple unrelated concepts and obscuring interpretability. Instead of relying on post-hoc methods, we present \textbf{MoE-X}, a…

We introduce MixtureKit, a modular open-source framework for constructing, training, and analyzing Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models from arbitrary pre-trained or fine-tuned models. MixtureKit currently supports three complementary methods:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Ahmad Chamma , Omar El Herraoui , Guokan Shang

The proliferation of large language models (LLMs) has led to the adoption of Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures that dynamically leverage specialized subnetworks for improved efficiency and performance. Despite their benefits, MoE…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Ruisi Cai , Yeonju Ro , Geon-Woo Kim , Peihao Wang , Babak Ehteshami Bejnordi , Aditya Akella , Zhangyang Wang

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models have become a widely-adopted solution to continue scaling model sizes without a corresponding linear increase in compute. During MoE model training, each input token is dynamically routed to a subset of…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Athinagoras Skiadopoulos , Mark Zhao , Swapnil Gandhi , Thomas Norrie , Shrijeet Mukherjee , Christos Kozyrakis

Multi-Head Mixture-of-Experts (MH-MoE) demonstrates superior performance by using the multi-head mechanism to collectively attend to information from various representation spaces within different experts. In this paper, we present a novel…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Shaohan Huang , Xun Wu , Shuming Ma , Furu Wei

A useful strategy to deal with complex classification scenarios is the "divide and conquer" approach. The mixture of experts (MOE) technique makes use of this strategy by joinly training a set of classifiers, or experts, that are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2014-05-30 Billy Peralta

Mixture-of-experts (MoE) architectures enable trillion-parameter LLMs with sparsely activated experts. Expert parallelism (EP) is a widely adopted MoE training strategy, but it suffers from severe all-to-all communication bottlenecks, which…

Despite LLMs' excellent code creation capabilities, multilingual code generation remains extremely challenging. To address this, we intent to improve the multi-programming-lingual (MultiPL) performance of the base LLMs while retaining the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Qing Wang , Xue Han , Jiahui Wang , Lehao Xing , Qian Hu , Lianlian Zhang , Chao Deng , Junlan Feng

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models offer dynamic computation, but are typically deployed as static full-capacity models, missing opportunities for deployment-specific specialization. We introduce PreMoE, a training-free framework that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Zehua Pei , Ying Zhang , Hui-Ling Zhen , Tao Yuan , Xianzhi Yu , Zhenhua Dong , Sinno Jialin Pan , Mingxuan Yuan , Bei Yu

A generalist agent must continuously learn and adapt throughout its lifetime, achieving efficient forward transfer while minimizing catastrophic forgetting. Previous work within the dominant pretrain-then-finetune paradigm has explored…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Yuheng Lei , Sitong Mao , Shunbo Zhou , Hongyuan Zhang , Xuelong Li , Ping Luo

The advent of Large Language Models (LLMs) has ushered in a new era of artificial intelligence, with the potential to transform various sectors through automation and insightful analysis. The Mixture of Experts (MoE) architecture has been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Xurui Li , Juanjuan Yao

We present MoE-MLA-RoPE, a novel architecture combination that combines Mixture of Experts (MoE) with Multi-head Latent Attention (MLA) and Rotary Position Embeddings (RoPE) for efficient language modeling. Our approach addresses the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Sushant Mehta , Raj Dandekar , Rajat Dandekar , Sreedath Panat