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In the multi-turn interaction schema, large language models (LLMs) can leverage user feedback to enhance the quality and relevance of their responses. However, evaluating an LLM's ability to incorporate user refutation feedback is crucial…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Jianhao Yan , Yun Luo , Yue Zhang

Clarifying the underlying user information need by asking clarifying questions is an important feature of modern conversational search system. However, evaluation of such systems through answering prompted clarifying questions requires…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-21 Ivan Sekulić , Mohammad Aliannejadi , Fabio Crestani

Conversational recommender systems (CRS) enhance user experience through multi-turn interactions, yet evaluating CRS remains challenging. User simulators can provide comprehensive evaluations through interactions with CRS, but building…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-08-01 Luyu Chen , Quanyu Dai , Zeyu Zhang , Xueyang Feng , Mingyu Zhang , Pengcheng Tang , Xu Chen , Yue Zhu , Zhenhua Dong

We analyze the language learned by an agent trained with reinforcement learning as a component of the ActiveQA system [Buck et al., 2017]. In ActiveQA, question answering is framed as a reinforcement learning task in which an agent sits…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-01-24 Christian Buck , Jannis Bulian , Massimiliano Ciaramita , Wojciech Gajewski , Andrea Gesmundo , Neil Houlsby , Wei Wang

In this paper, we study the task of selecting the optimal response given a user and system utterance history in retrieval-based multi-turn dialog systems. Recently, pre-trained language models (e.g., BERT, RoBERTa, and ELECTRA) showed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-12-17 Taesun Whang , Dongyub Lee , Dongsuk Oh , Chanhee Lee , Kijong Han , Dong-hun Lee , Saebyeok Lee

In Knowledge Management, variations in information expressions have proven a real challenge. In particular, classical semantic relations (e.g. synonymy) do not connect words with different parts-of-speech. The method proposed tries to…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2010-10-28 Bernard Jacquemin

When users initiate search sessions, their queries are often unclear or might lack of context; this resulting in inefficient document ranking. Multiple approaches have been proposed by the Information Retrieval community to add context and…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-06-01 Pierre Erbacher , Ludovic Denoyer , Laure Soulier

Recommender systems are ubiquitous in on-line services to drive businesses. And many sequential recommender models were deployed in these systems to enhance personalization. The approach of using the transformer decoder as the sequential…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Zan Huang

Language models are often used as the backbone of modern dialogue systems. These models are pre-trained on large amounts of written fluent language. Repetition is typically penalised when evaluating language model generations. However, it…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-23 Aron Molnar , Jaap Jumelet , Mario Giulianelli , Arabella Sinclair

User simulators are essential for training reinforcement learning (RL) based dialog models. The performance of the simulator directly impacts the RL policy. However, building a good user simulator that models real user behaviors is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-05 Weiyan Shi , Kun Qian , Xuewei Wang , Zhou Yu

While language models (LMs) offer great potential for conversational recommender systems (CRSs), the paucity of public CRS data makes fine-tuning LMs for CRSs challenging. In response, LMs as user simulators qua data generators can be used…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Moonkyung Ryu , Chih-Wei Hsu , Yinlam Chow , Mohammad Ghavamzadeh , Craig Boutilier

User-machine interaction is crucial for information retrieval, especially for spoken content retrieval, because spoken content is difficult to browse, and speech recognition has a high degree of uncertainty. In interactive retrieval, the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-04-03 Pei-Hung Chung , Kuan Tung , Ching-Lun Tai , Hung-Yi Lee

In Conversational Recommendation Systems (CRS), a user can provide feedback on recommended items at each interaction turn, leading the CRS towards more desirable recommendations. Currently, different types of CRS offer various possibilities…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-01-12 Maria Vlachou , Craig Macdonald

User simulators can rapidly generate a large volume of timely user behavior data, providing a testing platform for reinforcement learning-based recommender systems, thus accelerating their iteration and optimization. However, prevalent user…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Zijian Zhang , Shuchang Liu , Ziru Liu , Rui Zhong , Qingpeng Cai , Xiangyu Zhao , Chunxu Zhang , Qidong Liu , Peng Jiang

Providing user-understandable explanations to justify recommendations could help users better understand the recommended items, increase the system's ease of use, and gain users' trust. A typical approach to realize it is natural language…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-01-16 Lei Li , Yongfeng Zhang , Li Chen

Users try to articulate their complex information needs during search sessions by reformulating their queries. To make this process more effective, search engines provide related queries to help users in specifying the information need in…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2017-11-15 Mostafa Dehghani , Sascha Rothe , Enrique Alfonseca , Pascal Fleury

Despite the widely successful applications, bootstrapping and fine-tuning semantic parsers are still a tedious process with challenges such as costly data annotation and privacy risks. In this paper, we suggest an alternative,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-19 Ziyu Yao , Yiqi Tang , Wen-tau Yih , Huan Sun , Yu Su

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable success in conversational systems by generating human-like responses. However, they can fall short, especially when required to account for personalization or specific knowledge. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Soyeong Jeong , Aparna Elangovan , Emine Yilmaz , Oleg Rokhlenko

Many conversational domains require the system to present nuanced information to users. Such systems must follow up what they say to address clarification questions and repair misunderstandings. In this work, we explore this interactive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-04 Baber Khalid , Matthew Stone

Conversational Question Answering (CQA) aims to answer questions contained within dialogues, which are not easily interpretable without context. Developing a model to rewrite conversational questions into self-contained ones is an emerging…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-02 Zhiyu Chen , Jie Zhao , Anjie Fang , Besnik Fetahu , Oleg Rokhlenko , Shervin Malmasi