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Effectively finetuning pretrained language models (PLMs) is critical for their success in downstream tasks. However, PLMs may have risks in overfitting the pretraining tasks and data, which usually have gap with the target downstream tasks.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-24 Chuhan Wu , Fangzhao Wu , Tao Qi , Yongfeng Huang , Xing Xie

Context: In the fast-paced evolution of software development, Large Language Models (LLMs) have become indispensable tools for tasks such as code generation, completion, analysis, and bug fixing. Ensuring the robustness of these models…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Yang Liu , Armstrong Foundjem , Xingfang Wu , Heng Li , Foutse Khomh

Adopting a two-stage paradigm of pretraining followed by fine-tuning, Pretrained Language Models (PLMs) have achieved substantial advancements in the field of natural language processing. However, in real-world scenarios, data labels are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-03 Song Wang , Zhen Tan , Ruocheng Guo , Jundong Li

Fine-tuning over large pretrained language models (PLMs) has established many state-of-the-art results. Despite its superior performance, such fine-tuning can be unstable, resulting in significant variance in performance and potential risks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-20 Chenghao Yang , Xuezhe Ma

Language models, characterized by their black-box nature, often hallucinate and display sensitivity to input perturbations, causing concerns about trust. To enhance trust, it is imperative to gain a comprehensive understanding of the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Vatsal Gupta , Pranshu Pandya , Tushar Kataria , Vivek Gupta , Dan Roth

Large pre-trained language models (PLMs) have demonstrated strong performance on natural language understanding (NLU) tasks through fine-tuning. However, fine-tuned models still suffer from overconfident predictions, especially in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-31 Guande He , Jianfei Chen , Jun Zhu

Instruction fine-tuning has recently emerged as a promising approach for improving the zero-shot capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) on new tasks. This technique has shown particular strength in improving the performance of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-13 Jiuding Sun , Chantal Shaib , Byron C. Wallace

Pre-trained language models (PrLM) have to carefully manage input units when training on a very large text with a vocabulary consisting of millions of words. Previous works have shown that incorporating span-level information over…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-16 Rongzhou Bao , Zhuosheng Zhang , Hai Zhao

Pretrained Language Models (PLMs) have advanced Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks significantly, but finetuning PLMs on low-resource datasets poses significant challenges such as instability and overfitting. Previous methods tackle…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-20 Sai Ashish Somayajula , Youwei Liang , Abhishek Singh , Li Zhang , Pengtao Xie

Large Language Models (LLMs) are highly vulnerable to input perturbations, as even a small prompt change may result in a substantially different output. Existing methods to enhance LLM robustness are primarily focused on perturbed data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-04 Aryan Agrawal , Lisa Alazraki , Shahin Honarvar , Marek Rei

When adapting large language models (LLMs) to a specific downstream task, two primary approaches are commonly employed: (1) prompt engineering, often with in-context few-shot learning, leveraging the model's inherent generalization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Jorg Bornschein , Clare Lyle , Yazhe Li , Amal Rannen-Triki , Xu Owen He , Razvan Pascanu

Efficiently fine-tuning Large Language Models (LLMs) for specific tasks presents a considerable challenge in natural language processing. Traditional methods, like prompt or prefix tuning, typically rely on arbitrary tokens for training,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Md. Kowsher , Md. Shohanur Islam Sobuj , Asif Mahmud , Nusrat Jahan Prottasha , Prakash Bhat

Vision-Language Models (VLMs), such as CLIP, have achieved significant zero-shot performance on downstream tasks with various fine-tuning adaptation methods. However, recent studies have proven that adversarial attacks can significantly…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Jia-Wei Hai , Yijun Wang , Xiu-Shen Wei

Instruction-tuning plays a vital role in enhancing the task-solving abilities of large language models (LLMs), improving their usability in generating helpful responses on various tasks. However, previous work has demonstrated that they are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Ahmed Alajrami , Xingwei Tan , Nikolaos Aletras

Recently, pretrained language models (PLMs) have had exceptional success in language generation. To leverage the rich knowledge encoded by PLMs, a simple yet powerful paradigm is to use prompts in the form of either discrete tokens or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-04 Tianyi Tang , Junyi Li , Wayne Xin Zhao , Ji-Rong Wen

Despite their success in many natural language tasks, solving math problems remains a significant challenge for large language models (LLMs). A large gap exists between LLMs' pass-at-one and pass-at-N performance in solving math problems,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Yixin Liu , Avi Singh , C. Daniel Freeman , John D. Co-Reyes , Peter J. Liu

Prompts for pre-trained language models (PLMs) have shown remarkable performance by bridging the gap between pre-training tasks and various downstream tasks. Among these methods, prompt tuning, which freezes PLMs and only tunes soft…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-15 Yuxian Gu , Xu Han , Zhiyuan Liu , Minlie Huang

Prompt Learning has recently gained great popularity in bridging the gap between pretraining tasks and various downstream tasks. It freezes Pretrained Language Models (PLMs) and only tunes a few task-related parameters (prompts) for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-07 Yuezihan Jiang , Hao Yang , Junyang Lin , Hanyu Zhao , An Yang , Chang Zhou , Hongxia Yang , Zhi Yang , Bin Cui

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance on a number of natural language processing tasks, such as question answering and text summarization. However, their performance on sequence labeling tasks such as intent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-27 Yao Qiang , Subhrangshu Nandi , Ninareh Mehrabi , Greg Ver Steeg , Anoop Kumar , Anna Rumshisky , Aram Galstyan

Efficient finetuning of pretrained language transformers is becoming increasingly prevalent for solving natural language processing tasks. While effective, it can still require a large number of tunable parameters. This can be a drawback…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-31 Umang Gupta , Aram Galstyan , Greg Ver Steeg
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