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Neural algorithmic reasoning aims to capture computations with neural networks by training models to imitate the execution of classical algorithms. While common architectures are expressive enough to contain the correct model in the weight…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Gleb Rodionov , Liudmila Prokhorenkova

A plausible definition of "reasoning" could be "algebraically manipulating previously acquired knowledge in order to answer a new question". This definition covers first-order logical inference or probabilistic inference. It also includes…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2011-02-14 Leon Bottou

Large language models can exhibit emergent reasoning behaviors, often manifested as recurring lexical patterns (e.g., "wait," indicating verification). However, complex reasoning trajectories remain sparse in unconstrained sampling, and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Po-Nien Kung , Zhen Yang , Jeffrey Luo , Cheng-Fu Yang , Haikang Deng , Zi-Yi Dou , Yinfei Yang , Nanyun Peng , Zhe Gan , Kai-Wei Chang

Reading comprehension (RC) is a challenging task that requires synthesis of information across sentences and multiple turns of reasoning. Using a state-of-the-art RC model, we empirically investigate the performance of single-turn and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-11-10 Yelong Shen , Xiaodong Liu , Kevin Duh , Jianfeng Gao

Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) allocate substantial inference-time compute to Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning, improving performance on mathematics, scientific QA, and tool usage. However, this introduces overthinking: LRMs often reach a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Sangjun Song , Minjae Oh , Seungkyu Lee , Sungmin Jo , Yohan Jo

Large language models (LLMs) have shown strong performance in many reasoning benchmarks. However, recent studies have pointed to memorization, rather than generalization, as one of the leading causes for such performance. LLMs, in fact, are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Xingwei Tan , Marco Valentino , Mahmud Akhter , Maria Liakata , Nikolaos Aletras

We study the interpretability issue of task-oriented dialogue systems in this paper. Previously, most neural-based task-oriented dialogue systems employ an implicit reasoning strategy that makes the model predictions uninterpretable to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-14 Shiquan Yang , Rui Zhang , Sarah Erfani , Jey Han Lau

Resolving complex information needs that come with multiple constraints should consider enforcing the logical operators encoded in the query (i.e., conjunction, disjunction, negation) on the candidate answer set. Current retrieval systems…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Mohanna Hoveyda , Jelle Piepenbrock , Arjen P de Vries , Maarten de Rijke , Faegheh Hasibi

On-Policy Self-Distillation (OPSD) has recently emerged as an alternative to Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR), promising higher accuracy and shorter responses through token-level credit assignment from a self-teacher…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Jaehoon Kim , Dongha Lee

Given a natural language instruction and an input scene, our goal is to train a model to output a manipulation program that can be executed by the robot. Prior approaches for this task possess one of the following limitations: (i) rely on…

Semantic Role Labeling (SRL) aims at recognizing the predicate-argument structure of a sentence and can be decomposed into two subtasks: predicate disambiguation and argument labeling. Prior work deals with these two tasks independently,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-09-07 Nan Wang , Jiwei Li , Yuxian Meng , Xiaofei Sun , Han Qiu , Ziyao Wang , Guoyin Wang , Jun He

Circuit representations are becoming the lingua franca to express and reason about tractable generative and discriminative models. In this paper, we show how complex inference scenarios for these models that commonly arise in machine…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-02-12 Antonio Vergari , YooJung Choi , Anji Liu , Stefano Teso , Guy Van den Broeck

Answering compositional questions that require multiple steps of reasoning against text is challenging, especially when they involve discrete, symbolic operations. Neural module networks (NMNs) learn to parse such questions as executable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-02-18 Nitish Gupta , Kevin Lin , Dan Roth , Sameer Singh , Matt Gardner

Latent reasoning models (LRMs) have attracted significant research interest due to their low inference cost (relative to explicit reasoning models) and theoretical ability to explore multiple reasoning paths in parallel. However, these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Connor Dilgren , Sarah Wiegreffe

While test-time scaling has enabled large language models to solve highly difficult tasks, state-of-the-art results come at exorbitant compute costs. These inefficiencies can be attributed to the miscalibration of post-trained language…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Cai Zhou , Zekai Wang , Menghua Wu , Qianyu Julie Zhu , Flora C. Shi , Chenyu Wang , Ashia Wilson , Tommi Jaakkola , Stephen Bates

Large language models (LLMs) can achieve strong reasoning performance with sufficient computation, but they do not inherently know how much computation a task requires. We study budgeted inference-time reasoning for multiple tasks under a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Muyang Zhao , Qi Qi , Hao Sun

Current agentic frameworks underperform on long-horizon tasks. As reasoning depth increases, sequential orchestration becomes brittle, context windows impose hard limits that degrade performance, and opaque execution traces make failures…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Salaheddin Alzu'bi , Baran Nama , Arda Kaz , Anushri Eswaran , Weiyuan Chen , Sarvesh Khetan , Rishab Bala , Tu Vu , Sewoong Oh

Selective rationalization aims to produce decisions along with rationales (e.g., text highlights or word alignments between two sentences). Commonly, rationales are modeled as stochastic binary masks, requiring sampling-based gradient…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-13 Nuno Miguel Guerreiro , André F. T. Martins

Amodal segmentation aims to infer the complete shape of occluded objects, even when the occluded region's appearance is unavailable. However, current amodal segmentation methods lack the capability to interact with users through text input…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Zhixuan Li , Hyunse Yoon , Sanghoon Lee , Weisi Lin

Algorithms of inference in a computer system oriented to input and semantic processing of text information are presented. Such inference is necessary for logical questions when the direct comparison of objects from a question and database…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2012-02-02 Yuriy Ostapov