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Variational quantum algorithms, which combine highly expressive parameterized quantum circuits (PQCs) and optimization techniques in machine learning, are one of the most promising applications of a near-term quantum computer. Despite their…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-07 Chae-Yeun Park , Nathan Killoran

Optimisation via parameterised quantum circuits is the prevalent technique of near-term quantum algorithms. However, the omnipresent phenomenon of barren plateaus - parameter regions with vanishing gradients - sets a persistent hurdle that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-20 Lennart Binkowski , Gereon Koßmann , Tobias J. Osborne , René Schwonnek , Timo Ziegler

While Quantum Convolutional Neural Networks (QCNNs) offer a theoretical paradigm for quantum machine learning, their practical implementation is severely bottlenecked by barren plateaus -- the exponential vanishing of gradients -- and poor…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Radhakrishnan Delhibabu

In variational quantum algorithms the parameters of a parameterized quantum circuit are optimized in order to minimize a cost function that encodes the solution of the problem. The barren plateau phenomenon manifests as an exponentially…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-14 Marco Schumann , Frank K. Wilhelm , Alessandro Ciani

Quantum neural networks (QNNs) leverage quantum entanglement and superposition to enable large-scale parallel linear computation, offering a potential solution to the scalability limits of classical deep learning. However, their practical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-05 Pei-Kun Yang

Variational Quantum Circuits (VQCs) have emerged as a promising paradigm for quantum machine learning in the NISQ era. While parameter sharing in VQCs can reduce the parameter space dimensionality and potentially mitigate the barren plateau…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Gerhard Stenzel , Tobias Rohe , Michael Kölle , Leo Sünkel , Jonas Stein , Claudia Linnhoff-Popien

Vanishing gradients can pose substantial obstacles for high-dimensional optimization problems. Here we consider energy minimization problems for quantum many-body systems with extensive Hamiltonians and finite-range interactions, which can…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-26 Thomas Barthel , Qiang Miao

We propose an algorithm for variational quantum algorithms (VQAs) to optimize the structure of parameterized quantum circuits (PQCs) efficiently. The algorithm optimizes the PQC structure on-the-fly in VQA by sequentially replacing a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-17 Kaito Wada , Rudy Raymond , Yuki Sato , Hiroshi C. Watanabe

Quantum machine learning for classical data is currently perceived to have a scalability problem due to (i) a bottleneck at the point of loading data into quantum states, (ii) the lack of clarity around good optimization strategies, and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-09 Sonika Johri

We analyze the barren plateau phenomenon in the variational optimization of quantum circuits inspired by matrix product states (qMPS), tree tensor networks (qTTN), and the multiscale entanglement renormalization ansatz (qMERA). We consider…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-04-14 Enrique Cervero Martín , Kirill Plekhanov , Michael Lubasch

Variational quantum algorithms (VQAs) have enabled a wide range of applications on near-term quantum devices. However, their scalability is fundamentally limited by barren plateaus, where the probability of encountering large gradients…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-22 Elias Zapusek , Ivan Rojkov , Florentin Reiter

Quantum algorithms based on parameterized quantum circuits (PQCs) have enabled a wide range of applications on near-term quantum devices. However, existing PQC architectures face several challenges, among which the ``barren plateaus"…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-09 Zhenyu Chen , Yuguo Shao , Zhengwei Liu , Zhaohui Wei

In the present noisy intermediate scale quantum computing era, there is a critical need to devise methods for the efficient implementation of gate-based variational quantum circuits. This ensures that a range of proposed applications can be…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-27 Ankit Kulshrestha , Xiaoyuan Liu , Hayato Ushijima-Mwesigwa , Bao Bach , Ilya Safro

Quantum machine learning holds the promise of combining the success of classical machine learning methods with the power of quantum computing, however one of the largest obstacles facing the field is the problem of barren plateaus.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-11 Tiffany Duneau , Colin Krawchuk , Anna Pearson

Variational quantum computing schemes train a loss function by sending an initial state through a parametrized quantum circuit, and measuring the expectation value of some operator. Despite their promise, the trainability of these…

Quantum architecture search (QAS) involves optimizing both the quantum parametric circuit configuration but also its parameters for a variational quantum algorithm. Thus, the problem is known to be multi-level as the performance of a given…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-30 Vicente P. Soloviev , Vedran Dunjko , Concha Bielza , Pedro Larrañaga , Hao Wang

Identifying scalable circuit architectures remains a central challenge in variational quantum computing and quantum machine learning. Many approaches have been proposed to mitigate or avoid the barren plateau phenomenon or, more broadly,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-30 Reyhaneh Aghaei Saem , Behrang Tafreshi , Zoë Holmes , Supanut Thanasilp

Barren plateau landscapes correspond to gradients that vanish exponentially in the number of qubits. Such landscapes have been demonstrated for variational quantum algorithms and quantum neural networks with either deep circuits or global…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-10-06 Andrew Arrasmith , M. Cerezo , Piotr Czarnik , Lukasz Cincio , Patrick J. Coles

Variational quantum algorithms represent a powerful approach for solving optimization problems on noisy quantum computers, with a broad spectrum of potential applications ranging from chemistry to machine learning. However, their…

The barren plateau problem in quantum neural networks (QNNs) is a significant challenge that hinders the practical success of QNNs. In this paper, we introduce residual quantum neural networks (ResQNets) as a solution to address this…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-29 Muhammad Kashif , Saif Al-kuwari