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Quantum key distribution (QKD offers a long-term solution to establish information-theoretically secure keys between two distant users. In practice, with a careful characterization of quantum sources and the decoy-state method,…

Quantum key distribution (QKD) can provide fundamentally proven security for secure communication. Toward application, the secret key rate (SKR) is a key figure of merit for any QKD system. So far, the SKR has been limited to about a few…

Quantum key distribution (QKD) allows two remote users to establish a secret key in the presence of an eavesdropper. The users share quantum states prepared in two mutually-unbiased bases: one to generate the key while the other monitors…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-05-03 Nurul T. Islam , Charles Ci Wen Lim , Clinton Cahall , Jungsang Kim , Daniel J. Gauthier

The security of prepare-and-measure satellite-based quantum key distribution (QKD), under restricted eavesdropping scenarios, is addressed. We particularly consider cases where the eavesdropper, Eve, has limited access to the transmitted…

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is rapidly transitioning from cutting-edge laboratory research to real-world deployment in established communication networks. Although QKD promises future-proof security, practical challenges stil exist due…

Quantum key distribution (QKD) establishes secure links between remote communication parties. As a key problem for various QKD protocols, security analysis gives the amount of secure keys regardless of the eavesdropper's computational…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-26 Hongyi Zhou , Toshihiko Sasaki , Masato Koashi

We propose a satellite-based Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) network that enables global-scale, end-to-end secure key exchange without relying on trusted intermediate nodes. The network is formed by a ring constellation of satellites that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-09 Sumit Chaudhary , Baqir Kazmi , Janis Nötzel

We study Semi-Quantum Key Distribution (SQKD) with a focus on finite-size security bounds, developed through three complementary perspectives. (i) Spectral disturbance: wrong-basis L\"uders updates produce closed-form spectra and purity…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-08 Zahidur Rezwan Ratul

The current literature on quantum key distribution (QKD) is mainly limited to the transmissions over fiber optic, atmospheric or satellite links and are not directly applicable to underwater environments with different channel…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-08-25 Amir Hossein Fahim Raouf

Free-space satellite communication has significantly lower photon loss than terrestrial communication via optical fibers. Satellite-based quantum key distribution (QKD) leverages this advantage and provides a promising direction in…

In this work, we model and simulate the performance of a quantum key distribution (QKD) downlink from a low earth orbit (LEO) small satellite to an optical ground station (OGS), as integral part of the concept and preliminary design phase…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-09-22 Vladlen Galetsky , Manfred Niehus

Quantum key distribution (QKD) uses the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics to share unconditionally secure keys between distant users. Previous works based on the quantum science satellite "Micius" have initially demonstrated the…

In recent years, the gap between theory and practice in quantum key distribution (QKD) has been significantly narrowed, particularly for QKD systems with arbitrarily awed optical receivers. The status for QKD systems with imperfect light…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-10-06 Akihiro Mizutani , Marcos Curty , Charles Ci Wen Lim , Nobuyuki Imoto , Kiyoshi Tamaki

Underwater quantum key distribution (QKD) has potential applications in absolutely secure underwater communication. However, the performance of underwater QKD is limited by the optical elements, background light, and dark counts of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-05-22 Shi-Cheng Zhao , Xin-Hong Han , Ya Xiao , Yuan Shen , Yong-Jian Gu , Wen-Dong Li

Quantum key distribution (QKD) allows for secure communications safe against attacks by quantum computers. QKD protocols are performed by sending a sizeable, but finite, number of quantum signals between the distant parties involved. Many…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-01-05 Darius Bunandar , Luke C. G. Govia , Hari Krovi , Dirk R. Englund

Satellite-based quantum key distribution (QKD), leveraging low photon loss in free-space quantum communication, is widely regarded as one of the most promising directions to achieve global-scale QKD. With a constellation of satellites and a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-16 Md Zakir Hossain , Nitish K. Panigrahy , Walter O. Krawec , Don Towsley , Bing Wang

We study information theoretical security for space links between a satellite and a ground-station. Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a well established method for information theoretical secure communication, giving the eavesdropper…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-07-07 A. Vazquez-Castro , D. Rusca , H. Zbinden

The establishment of a world-wide quantum communication network relies on the synergistic integration of satellite-based links and fiber-based networks. The first are helpful for long-distance communication, as the photon losses introduced…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-06-04 Carlo Liorni , Hermann Kampermann , Dagmar Bruß

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is a key exchange protocol which is implemented over free space optical links and optical fiber cable. When direct communication is not possible, QKD is performed over fiber cables, but the imperfections in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-03-14 Vishal Sharma , Subhashish Banerjee

Quantum key distribution (QKD) enables secure communication by harnessing the fundamental principles of quantum physics, which inherently guarantee information-theoretic security and intrinsic resistance to quantum computing attacks.…