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Large Language Models (LLMs) excel in general tasks, but adapting them to specialized domains relies on high-quality supervised fine-tuning (SFT) data. Although existing methods can identify subsets of high-quality data and reduce training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Zhaoyang Shang , Sibo Wei , Jianbin Guo , Rui Zhou , Lifeng Dong , Yin Luo

Digital text is increasing day by day on the internet. It is very challenging to classify a large and heterogeneous collection of data, which require improved information processing methods to organize text. To classify large size of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-07-08 Taimoor Ahmed Javed , Waseem Shahzad , Umair Arshad

Extreme multi-label classification (XMLC) is a problem of tagging an instance with a small subset of relevant labels chosen from an extremely large pool of possible labels. Large label spaces can be efficiently handled by organizing labels…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-10-30 Marek Wydmuch , Kalina Jasinska , Mikhail Kuznetsov , Róbert Busa-Fekete , Krzysztof Dembczyński

Multi-level Hierarchical Classification (MLHC) tackles the challenge of categorizing items within a complex, multi-layered class structure. However, traditional MLHC classifiers often rely on a backbone model with independent output layers,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Shijing Chen , Mohamed Reda Bouadjenek , Shoaib Jameel , Usman Naseem , Basem Suleiman , Flora D. Salim , Hakim Hacid , Imran Razzak

Hierarchical classification is significant for complex tasks by providing multi-granular predictions and encouraging better mistakes. As the label structure decides its performance, many existing approaches attempt to construct an excellent…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-07-05 Xiaoni Li , Yucan Zhou , Yu Zhou , Weiping Wang

In hierarchical text classification, we perform a sequence of inference steps to predict the category of a document from top to bottom of a given class taxonomy. Most of the studies have focused on developing novels neural network…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-25 Kervy Rivas Rojas , Gina Bustamante , Arturo Oncevay , Marco A. Sobrevilla Cabezudo

Due to the complex label hierarchy and intensive labeling cost in practice, the hierarchical text classification (HTC) suffers a poor performance especially when low-resource or few-shot settings are considered. Recently, there is a growing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-29 Ke Ji , Yixin Lian , Jingsheng Gao , Baoyuan Wang

Named entity recognition (NER) models are typically based on the architecture of Bi-directional LSTM (BiLSTM). The constraints of sequential nature and the modeling of single input prevent the full utilization of global information from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-11-20 Ying Luo , Fengshun Xiao , Hai Zhao

Hierarchical text classification (HTC) is essential for various real applications. However, HTC models are challenging to develop because they often require processing a large volume of documents and labels with hierarchical taxonomy.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-08 SangHun Im , Gibaeg Kim , Heung-Seon Oh , Seongung Jo , Donghwan Kim

Hierarchical classification problems are commonly seen in practice. However, most existing methods do not fully utilize the hierarchical information among class labels. In this paper, a novel label embedding approach is proposed, which…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-07-23 Yiwei Fan , Xiaoling Lu , Yufeng Liu , Junlong Zhao

CRF has been used as a powerful model for statistical sequence labeling. For neural sequence labeling, however, BiLSTM-CRF does not always lead to better results compared with BiLSTM-softmax local classification. This can be because the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-11-11 Leyang Cui , Yue Zhang

The adaptation of large language models (LLMs) to specialized reasoning tasks is fundamentally constrained by computational resources. Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT) methods have emerged as a powerful solution, yet the landscape of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Brennen Hill

In this work, we formulate \textbf{T}ext \textbf{C}lassification as a \textbf{M}atching problem between the text and the labels, and propose a simple yet effective framework named TCM. Compared with previous text classification approaches,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-24 Yi Song , Yuxian Gu , Minlie Huang

Large-Scale Multi-Label Text Classification (LMTC) includes tasks with hierarchical label spaces, such as automatic assignment of ICD-9 codes to discharge summaries. Performance of models in prior art is evaluated with standard precision,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-13 Matúš Falis , Hang Dong , Alexandra Birch , Beatrice Alex

Different from the traditional classification tasks which assume mutual exclusion of labels, hierarchical multi-label classification (HMLC) aims to assign multiple labels to every instance with the labels organized under hierarchical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-05 Boli Chen , Xin Huang , Lin Xiao , Zixin Cai , Liping Jing

The escalating volume of collected healthcare textual data presents a unique challenge for automated Multi-Label Text Classification (MLTC), which is primarily due to the scarcity of annotated texts for training and their nuanced nature.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Hajar Sakai , Sarah S. Lam

We investigate the scalable image classification problem with a large number of categories. Hierarchical visual data structures are helpful for improving the efficiency and performance of large-scale multi-class classification. We propose a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-09-18 Yanyun Qu , Li Lin , Fumin Shen , Chang Lu , Yang Wu , Yuan Xie , Dacheng Tao

Hierarchical text classification (HTC) aims to assign one or more labels in the hierarchy for each text. Many methods represent this structure as a global hierarchy, leading to redundant graph structures. To address this, incorporating a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Fanshuang Kong , Richong Zhang , Ziqiao Wang

Existing e-commerce platforms heavily rely on manual annotation for product categorization, which is inefficient and inconsistent. These platforms often employ a hierarchical structure for categorizing products; however, few studies have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Kun Liu , Tuozhen Liu , Feifei Wang , Rui Pan

Adapter-based approaches have garnered attention for fine-tuning pre-trained Vision-Language Models (VLMs) on few-shot classification tasks. These methods strive to develop a lightweight module that better aligns visual and (category)…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-18 Yumiao Zhao , Bo Jiang , Yuhe Ding , Xiao Wang , Jin Tang , Bin Luo