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Hierarchical Text Classification (HTC) aims to assign texts to structured label hierarchies; however, it faces challenges due to data scarcity and model complexity. This study explores the feasibility of using black box Large Language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Kosuke Yoshimura , Hisashi Kashima

Hierarchical text classification aims to categorize each document into a set of classes in a label taxonomy, which is a fundamental web text mining task with broad applications such as web content analysis and semantic indexing. Most…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Yunyi Zhang , Ruozhen Yang , Xueqiang Xu , Rui Li , Jinfeng Xiao , Jiaming Shen , Jiawei Han

Hierarchical multi-label text classification aims to classify the input text into multiple labels, among which the labels are structured and hierarchical. It is a vital task in many real world applications, e.g. scientific literature…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Rundong Liu , Wenhan Liang , Weijun Luo , Yuxiang Song , He Zhang , Ruohua Xu , Yunfeng Li , Ming Liu

Hierarchical Text Classification (HTC) involves assigning documents to labels organized within a taxonomy. Most previous research on HTC has focused on supervised methods. However, in real-world scenarios, employing supervised HTC can be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Qianbo Zang , Christophe Zgrzendek , Igor Tchappi , Afshin Khadangi , Johannes Sedlmeir

Large-scale Multi-label Text Classification (LMTC) has a wide range of Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications and presents interesting challenges. First, not all labels are well represented in the training set, due to the very large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-06 Ilias Chalkidis , Manos Fergadiotis , Sotiris Kotitsas , Prodromos Malakasiotis , Nikolaos Aletras , Ion Androutsopoulos

Hierarchical text classification (HTC) is a special sub-task of multi-label classification (MLC) whose taxonomy is constructed as a tree and each sample is assigned with at least one path in the tree. Latest HTC models contain three…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-13 Zhijian Chen , Zhonghua Li , Jianxin Yang , Ye Qi

Multi-label text classification (MLTC) aims to annotate documents with the most relevant labels from a number of candidate labels. In real applications, the distribution of label frequency often exhibits a long tail, i.e., a few labels are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-01-26 Lin Xiao , Xiangliang Zhang , Liping Jing , Chi Huang , Mingyang Song

Text clustering serves as a fundamental technique for organizing and interpreting unstructured textual data, particularly in contexts where manual annotation is prohibitively costly. With the rapid advancement of Large Language Models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Chen Huang , Guoxiu He

Hierarchical text classification (HTC) is an important task with broad applications, while few-shot HTC has gained increasing interest recently. While in-context learning (ICL) with large language models (LLMs) has achieved significant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Huiyao Chen , Yu Zhao , Zulong Chen , Mengjia Wang , Liangyue Li , Meishan Zhang , Min Zhang

Multi-label text classification (MLTC) is an attractive and challenging task in natural language processing (NLP). Compared with single-label text classification, MLTC has a wider range of applications in practice. In this paper, we propose…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-24 Irene Li , Aosong Feng , Hao Wu , Tianxiao Li , Toyotaro Suzumura , Ruihai Dong

Hierarchical classification aims to sort the object into a hierarchical structure of categories. For example, a bird can be categorized according to a three-level hierarchy of order, family, and species. Existing methods commonly address…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-01 Renzhen Wang , De cai , Kaiwen Xiao , Xixi Jia , Xiao Han , Deyu Meng

Extreme multi-label text classification (XMTC) refers to the problem of tagging a given text with the most relevant subset of labels from a large label set. A majority of labels only have a few training instances due to large label…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-05-25 Yuan Wang , Huiling Song , Peng Huo , Tao Xu , Jucheng Yang , Yarui Chen , Tingting Zhao

Efficient distributed numerical word representation models (word embeddings) combined with modern machine learning algorithms have recently yielded considerable improvement on automatic document classification tasks. However, the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-09-07 Roger A. Stein , Patricia A. Jaques , Joao F. Valiati

Hierarchical multi-label classification (HMLC) is essential for modeling complex label dependencies in remote sensing. Existing methods, however, struggle with multi-path hierarchies where instances belong to multiple branches, and they…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Marjan Stoimchev , Boshko Koloski , Jurica Levatić , Dragi Kocev , Sašo Džeroski

Hierarchical Text Classification (HTC) has recently gained traction given the ability to handle complex label hierarchy. This has found applications in domains like E- commerce, customer care and medicine industry among other real-world…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Neeraj Agrawal , Saurabh Kumar , Priyanka Bhatt , Tanishka Agarwal

Hierarchical Text Categorization (HTC) is becoming increasingly important with the rapidly growing amount of text data available in the World Wide Web. Among the different strategies proposed to cope with HTC, the Local Classifier per Node…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2012-06-05 Nima Hatami , Camelia Chira , Giuliano Armano

The increasing volume of healthcare textual data requires computationally efficient, yet highly accurate classification approaches able to handle the nuanced and complex nature of medical terminology. This research presents Knowledge…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Hajar Sakai , Sarah S. Lam

Hierarchical Text Classification (HTC) is a challenging task where a document can be assigned to multiple hierarchically structured categories within a taxonomy. The majority of prior studies consider HTC as a flat multi-label…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-20 Chao Yu , Yi Shen , Yue Mao , Longjun Cai

Prompt learning has become a prevalent strategy for adapting vision-language foundation models (VLMs) such as CLIP to downstream tasks. With the emergence of large language models (LLMs), recent studies have explored the potential of using…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-28 Yubin Wang , Xinyang Jiang , De Cheng , Wenli Sun , Dongsheng Li , Cairong Zhao

Hierarchical text classification (HTC) is a challenging subtask of multi-label classification due to its complex taxonomic structure. Nearly all recent HTC works focus on how the labels are structured but ignore the sub-structure of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-01 Zihan Wang , Peiyi Wang , Houfeng Wang