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Machine learning (ML) teams often work on a project just to realize the performance of the model is not good enough. Indeed, the success of ML-enabled systems involves aligning data with business problems, translating them into ML tasks,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-06-22 Hugo Villamizar , Marcos Kalinowski , Helio Lopes

Machine learning (ML) is used increasingly in real-world applications. In this paper, we describe our ongoing endeavor to define characteristics and challenges unique to Requirements Engineering (RE) for ML-based systems. As a first step,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-08-14 Andreas Vogelsang , Markus Borg

Engineering successful machine learning (ML)-enabled systems poses various challenges from both a theoretical and a practical side. Among those challenges are how to effectively address unrealistic expectations of ML capabilities from…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-09-18 Hugo Villamizar , Marcos Kalinowski , Helio Lopes , Daniel Mendez

Systems that use Machine Learning (ML) have become commonplace for companies that want to improve their products and processes. Literature suggests that Requirements Engineering (RE) can help address many problems when engineering…

Context: Advancements in machine learning (ML) lead to a shift from the traditional view of software development, where algorithms are hard-coded by humans, to ML systems materialized through learning from data. Therefore, we need to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-06-16 Görkem Giray

Machine Learning (ML)-enabled systems challenge traditional Requirements Engineering (RE) and agile management due to data dependence, experimentation, and uncertain model behavior. Existing RE and agile practices remain poorly integrated…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Lucas Romao , Luiz Xavier , Júlia Condé Araújo , Marina Condé Araújo , Ariane Rodrigues , Marcos Kalinowski

Context: Machine learning (ML) is nowadays so pervasive and diffused that virtually no application can avoid its use. Nonetheless, its enormous potential is often tempered by the need to manage non-functional requirements and navigate…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-04-11 Vincenzo De Martino , Fabio Palomba

[Context] In Brazil, 41% of companies use machine learning (ML) to some extent. However, several challenges have been reported when engineering ML-enabled systems, including unrealistic customer expectations and vagueness in ML problem…

Context and motivation: The development and operation of critical software that contains machine learning (ML) models requires diligence and established processes. Especially the training data used during the development of ML models have…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-02-01 Hans-Martin Heyn , Eric Knauss , Iswarya Malleswaran , Shruthi Dinakaran

In software engineering processes for machine learning (ML)-enabled systems, integrating and verifying ML components is a major challenge. A prerequisite is the specification of ML component requirements, including models and data, an area…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Yi Peng , Hans-Martin Heyn , Jennifer Horkoff

Context: Machine learning (ML)-enabled systems are being increasingly adopted by companies aiming to enhance their products and operational processes. Objective: This paper aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of the current status quo…

Increasing availability of machine learning (ML) frameworks and tools, as well as their promise to improve solutions to data-driven decision problems, has resulted in popularity of using ML techniques in software systems. However,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-03-29 Grace A. Lewis , Stephany Bellomo , Ipek Ozkaya

The introduction of machine learning (ML) components in software projects has created the need for software engineers to collaborate with data scientists and other specialists. While collaboration can always be challenging, ML introduces…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-02-14 Nadia Nahar , Shurui Zhou , Grace Lewis , Christian Kästner

Machine learning (ML) techniques increase the effectiveness of software engineering (SE) lifecycle activities. We systematically collected, quality-assessed, summarized, and categorized 83 reviews in ML for SE published between 2009-2022,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Zoe Kotti , Rafaila Galanopoulou , Diomidis Spinellis

Context: Machine Learning (ML) significantly impacts Software Engineering (SE), but studies mainly focus on practitioners, neglecting researchers. This overlooks practices and challenges in teaching, researching, or reviewing ML…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Anamaria Mojica-Hanke , David Nader Palacio , Denys Poshyvanyk , Mario Linares-Vásquez , Steffen Herbold

Requirements Engineering Methods (REMs) support Requirements Engineering (RE) tasks, from elicitation, through modeling and analysis, to validation and evolution of requirements. Despite the growing interest to design, validate and teach…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2012-03-09 Ivan Jureta

Nowadays, intelligent systems and services are getting increasingly popular as they provide data-driven solutions to diverse real-world problems, thanks to recent breakthroughs in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML).…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-01-03 Md Saidur Rahman , Foutse Khomh , Alaleh Hamidi , Jinghui Cheng , Giuliano Antoniol , Hironori Washizaki

Modern systems are built using development frameworks. These frameworks have a major impact on how the resulting system executes, how configurations are managed, how it is tested, and how and where it is deployed. Machine learning (ML)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-05-14 Yang Ren , Gregory Gay , Christian Kästner , Pooyan Jamshidi

Transparency around limitations can improve the scientific rigor of research, help ensure appropriate interpretation of research findings, and make research claims more credible. Despite these benefits, the machine learning (ML) research…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-18 Jessie J. Smith , Saleema Amershi , Solon Barocas , Hanna Wallach , Jennifer Wortman Vaughan

[Context] Machine learning (ML)-enabled systems are present in our society, driving significant digital transformations. The dynamic nature of ML development, characterized by experimental cycles and rapid changes in data, poses challenges…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-27 Lucas Romao , Hugo Villamizar , Romeu Oliveira , Silvio Alonso , Marcos Kalinowski
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