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Given the inherent non-deterministic nature of machine learning (ML) systems, their behavior in production environments can lead to unforeseen and potentially dangerous outcomes. For a timely detection of unwanted behavior and to prevent…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Hira Naveed , John Grundy , Chetan Arora , Hourieh Khalajzadeh , Omar Haggag

How can the complexity of ML-enabled systems be managed effectively? The goal of this research is to investigate how complexity affects ML-Enabled Systems (MLES). To address this question, this research aims to introduce a metrics-based…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-13 Renato Cordeiro Ferreira

Requirements Engineering (RE) is a critical phase in software development including the elicitation, analysis, specification, and validation of software requirements. Despite the importance of RE, it remains a challenging process due to the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-11-02 Chetan Arora , John Grundy , Mohamed Abdelrazek

Machine Learning (ML) seems to be one of the most promising solution to automate partially or completely some of the complex tasks currently realized by humans, such as driving vehicles, recognizing voice, etc. It is also an opportunity to…

[Context] In traditional software systems, Requirements Engineering (RE) activities are well-established and researched. However, building Artificial Intelligence (AI) based software with limited or no insight into the system's inner…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-12-22 Khlood Ahmad , Mohamed Abdelrazek , Chetan Arora , Muneera Bano , John Grundy

Machine Learning (ML) is an application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) that uses big data to produce complex predictions and decision-making systems, which would be challenging to obtain otherwise. To ensure the success of ML-enabled…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-09-03 Khan Mohammad Habibullah , Jennifer Horkoff

Incorporating machine learning (ML) components into software products raises new software-engineering challenges and exacerbates existing challenges. Many researchers have invested significant effort in understanding the challenges of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-04-04 Nadia Nahar , Haoran Zhang , Grace Lewis , Shurui Zhou , Christian Kästner

Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are increasingly broadly adopted in industry, However, based on well over a dozen case studies, we have learned that deploying industry-strength, production quality ML models in systems…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-04 Jan Bosch , Ivica Crnkovic , Helena Holmström Olsson

Incorporating Machine Learning (ML) into existing systems is a demand that has grown among several organizations. However, the development of ML-enabled systems encompasses several social and technical challenges, which must be addressed by…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Gabriel Busquim , Allysson Allex Araújo , Maria Julia Lima , Marcos Kalinowski

Machine-learning (ML) techniques have become popular in the recent years. ML techniques rely on mathematics and on software engineering. Researchers and practitioners studying best practices for designing ML application systems and software…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-10-14 Hironori Washizaki , Hiromu Uchida , Foutse Khomh , Yann-Gael Gueheneuc

As machine learning (ML) systems increasingly permeate high-stakes settings such as healthcare, transportation, military, and national security, concerns regarding their reliability have emerged. Despite notable progress, the performance of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Anthony Corso , David Karamadian , Romeo Valentin , Mary Cooper , Mykel J. Kochenderfer

Requirements Engineering (RE) is a critical phase in the software development process that generates requirements specifications from stakeholders' needs. Recently, deep learning techniques have been successful in several RE tasks. However,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Dongming Jin , Zhi Jin , Xiaohong Chen , Chunhui Wang

Machine learning (ML) enabled systems are emerging with recent breakthroughs in ML. A model-centric view is widely taken by the literature to focus only on the analysis of ML models. However, only a small body of work takes a system view…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-01-11 Junming Cao , Bihuan Chen , Longjie Hu , Jie Gao , Kaifeng Huang , Xin Peng

Machine learning (ML) components are being added to more and more critical and impactful software systems, but the software development process of real-world production systems from prototyped ML models remains challenging with additional…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Jie JW Wu

Context: Machine Learning (ML) has been at the heart of many innovations over the past years. However, including it in so-called 'safety-critical' systems such as automotive or aeronautic has proven to be very challenging, since the shift…

[Context] Systems incorporating Machine Learning (ML) models, often called ML-enabled systems, have become commonplace. However, empirical evidence on how ML-enabled systems are engineered in practice is still limited, especially for…

Nowadays, machine learning (ML) is being used in software systems with multiple application fields, from medicine to software engineering (SE). On the one hand, the popularity of ML in the industry can be seen in the statistics showing its…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-05-09 Anamaria Mojica-Hanke

Artificial Intelligence (AI) or Machine Learning (ML) systems have been widely adopted as value propositions by companies in all industries in order to create or extend the services and products they offer. However, developing AI/ML systems…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-11-10 Elizamary Nascimento , Anh Nguyen-Duc , Ingrid Sundbø , Tayana Conte

As machine learning (ML) components become increasingly integrated into software systems, the emphasis on the ethical or responsible aspects of their use has grown significantly. This includes building ML-based systems that adhere to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-10-11 Hira Naveed

Today, many industrial processes are undergoing digital transformation, which often requires the integration of well-understood domain models and state-of-the-art machine learning technology in business processes. However, requirements…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-10-04 Zhongyi Pei , Lin Liu , Chen Wang , Jianmin Wang