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While reinforcement learning (RL) holds great potential for decision making in the real world, it suffers from a number of unique difficulties which often need specific consideration. In particular: it is highly non-stationary; suffers from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Alexander David Goldie , Chris Lu , Matthew Thomas Jackson , Shimon Whiteson , Jakob Nicolaus Foerster

It is commonly believed that optimizing the reverse KL divergence results in "mode seeking", while optimizing forward KL results in "mass covering", with the latter being preferred if the goal is to sample from multiple diverse modes. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Anthony GX-Chen , Jatin Prakash , Jeff Guo , Rob Fergus , Rajesh Ranganath

It is broadly known that deep neural networks are susceptible to being fooled by adversarial examples with perturbations imperceptible by humans. Various defenses have been proposed to improve adversarial robustness, among which adversarial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-30 Wei Wei , Jiahuan Zhou , Ying Wu

As reinforcement learning (RL) has achieved great success and been even adopted in safety-critical domains such as autonomous vehicles, a range of empirical studies have been conducted to improve its robustness against adversarial attacks.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-17 Fan Wu , Linyi Li , Zijian Huang , Yevgeniy Vorobeychik , Ding Zhao , Bo Li

Adversarial training is widely used to improve the robustness of deep neural networks to adversarial attack. However, adversarial training is prone to overfitting, and the cause is far from clear. This work sheds light on the mechanisms…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-12 Lin Li , Michael Spratling

Controlling artificial agents from visual sensory data is an arduous task. Reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms can succeed but require large amounts of interactions between the agent and the environment. To alleviate the issue,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-05-26 Sai Rajeswar , Pietro Mazzaglia , Tim Verbelen , Alexandre Piché , Bart Dhoedt , Aaron Courville , Alexandre Lacoste

The generalization gap in reinforcement learning (RL) has been a significant obstacle that prevents the RL agent from learning general skills and adapting to varying environments. Increasing the generalization capacity of the RL systems can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-06 Hanping Zhang , Yuhong Guo

Reinforcement learning (RL)-based post-training often improves the reasoning performance of large language models (LLMs) beyond the training domain, while supervised fine-tuning (SFT) frequently leads to general capabilities forgetting.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Dan Shi , Zhuowen Han , Simon Ostermann , Renren Jin , Josef van Genabith , Deyi Xiong

Recent advances at the intersection of reinforcement learning (RL) and visual intelligence have enabled agents that not only perceive complex visual scenes but also reason, generate, and act within them. This survey offers a critical and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Weijia Wu , Chen Gao , Joya Chen , Kevin Qinghong Lin , Qingwei Meng , Yiming Zhang , Yuke Qiu , Hong Zhou , Mike Zheng Shou

Combinatorial optimization problems (COPs) on the graph with real-life applications are canonical challenges in Computer Science. The difficulty of finding quality labels for problem instances holds back leveraging supervised learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-10 Mostafa Pashazadeh , Kui Wu

Recent years have witnessed significant progresses in deep Reinforcement Learning (RL). Empowered with large scale neural networks, carefully designed architectures, novel training algorithms and massively parallel computing devices,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-04-23 Chiyuan Zhang , Oriol Vinyals , Remi Munos , Samy Bengio

Deep reinforcement learning (RL) agents often fail to generalize to unseen scenarios, even when they are trained on many instances of semantically similar environments. Data augmentation has recently been shown to improve the sample…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-23 Roberta Raileanu , Max Goldstein , Denis Yarats , Ilya Kostrikov , Rob Fergus

Reinforcement learning (RL) has gained attention for aligning large language models (LLMs) via reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF). The actor-only variants of Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) are widely applied for their…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-12-19 Yin Liu , Qiming Dai , Junyu Zhang , Zaiwen Wen

Normalization layers have recently experienced a renaissance in the deep reinforcement learning and continual learning literature, with several works highlighting diverse benefits such as improving loss landscape conditioning and combatting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-03 Clare Lyle , Zeyu Zheng , Khimya Khetarpal , James Martens , Hado van Hasselt , Razvan Pascanu , Will Dabney

Generalization in Reinforcement Learning (RL) aims to learn an agent during training that generalizes to the target environment. This paper studies RL generalization from a theoretical aspect: how much can we expect pre-training over…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-30 Haotian Ye , Xiaoyu Chen , Liwei Wang , Simon S. Du

Supervised learning (SL) and reinforcement learning (RL) are both widely used to train general-purpose agents for complex tasks, yet their generalization capabilities and underlying mechanisms are not yet fully understood. In this paper, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-21 Meng Song

Adversarial training has been demonstrated as one of the most effective methods for training robust models to defend against adversarial examples. However, adversarially trained models often lack adversarially robust generalization on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-02-04 Chuanbiao Song , Kun He , Jiadong Lin , Liwei Wang , John E. Hopcroft

Solving a reinforcement learning (RL) problem poses two competing challenges: fitting a potentially discontinuous value function, and generalizing well to new observations. In this paper, we analyze the learning dynamics of temporal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-07 Clare Lyle , Mark Rowland , Will Dabney , Marta Kwiatkowska , Yarin Gal

Reinforcement Learning (RL) is a powerful method for controlling dynamic systems, but its learning mechanism can lead to unpredictable actions that undermine the safety of critical systems. Here, we propose RL with Adaptive Regularization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Haozhe Tian , Homayoun Hamedmoghadam , Robert Shorten , Pietro Ferraro

Recent advances in visual reinforcement learning (RL) have led to impressive success in handling complex tasks. However, these methods have demonstrated limited generalization capability to visual disturbances, which poses a significant…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-02 Lu Li , Jiafei Lyu , Guozheng Ma , Zilin Wang , Zhenjie Yang , Xiu Li , Zhiheng Li