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Formal certification of Neural Networks (NNs) is crucial for ensuring their safety, fairness, and robustness. Unfortunately, on the one hand, sound and complete certification algorithms of ReLU-based NNs do not scale to large-scale NNs. On…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-24 Haitham Khedr , Yasser Shoukry

In the era of Deep Neural Network based solutions for a variety of real-life tasks, having a compact and energy-efficient deployable model has become fairly important. Most of the existing deep architectures use Rectifier Linear Unit (ReLU)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-02 Nancy Nayak , Sheetal Kalyani

Research in computational deep learning has directed considerable efforts towards hardware-oriented optimisations for deep neural networks, via the simplification of the activation functions, or the quantization of both activations and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-04 Gian Paolo Leonardi , Matteo Spallanzani

We define the local complexity of a neural network with continuous piecewise linear activations as a measure of the density of linear regions over an input data distribution. We show theoretically that ReLU networks that learn…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Niket Patel , Guido Montufar

Rectified linear unit (ReLU) is a widely used activation function for deep convolutional neural networks. However, because of the zero-hard rectification, ReLU networks miss the benefits from negative values. In this paper, we propose a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-01-30 Suo Qiu , Xiangmin Xu , Bolun Cai

Let $\Omega = [0,1]^d$ be the unit cube in $\mathbb{R}^d$. We study the problem of how efficiently, in terms of the number of parameters, deep neural networks with the ReLU activation function can approximate functions in the Sobolev spaces…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-04-09 Jonathan W. Siegel

To enhance the nonlinearity of neural networks and increase their mapping abilities between the inputs and response variables, activation functions play a crucial role to model more complex relationships and patterns in the data. In this…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-12-20 Haigen Hu , Aizhu Liu , Qiu Guan , Xiaoxin Li , Shengyong Chen , Qianwei Zhou

Activation functions are essential to deep learning networks. Popular and versatile activation functions are mostly monotonic functions, some non-monotonic activation functions are being explored and show promising performance. But by…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-05-26 Junjia Chen , Zhibin Pan

We investigate deep morphological neural networks (DMNNs). We demonstrate that despite their inherent non-linearity, "linear" activations are essential for DMNNs. To preserve their inherent sparsity, we propose architectures that constraint…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Konstantinos Fotopoulos , Petros Maragos

With the advancement of deep learning, reducing computational complexity and memory consumption has become a critical challenge, and ternary neural networks (NNs) that restrict parameters to $\{-1, 0, +1\}$ have attracted attention as a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Yuta Nakahara , Manabu Kobayashi , Toshiyasu Matsushima

While it is well-known that neural networks enjoy excellent approximation capabilities, it remains a big challenge to compute such approximations from point samples. Based on tools from Information-based complexity, recent work by Grohs and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-22 Ahmed Abdeljawad , Philipp Grohs

Deep Reinforcement Learning (RL) powered by neural net approximation of the Q function has had enormous empirical success. While the theory of RL has traditionally focused on linear function approximation (or eluder dimension) approaches,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-28 Baihe Huang , Kaixuan Huang , Sham M. Kakade , Jason D. Lee , Qi Lei , Runzhe Wang , Jiaqi Yang

We propose a novel low-rank initialization framework for training low-rank deep neural networks -- networks where the weight parameters are re-parameterized by products of two low-rank matrices. The most successful prior existing approach,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-23 Kiran Vodrahalli , Rakesh Shivanna , Maheswaran Sathiamoorthy , Sagar Jain , Ed H. Chi

Activation functions are crucial in graph neural networks (GNNs) as they allow defining a nonlinear family of functions to capture the relationship between the input graph data and their representations. This paper proposes activation…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-09-16 Bianca Iancu , Luana Ruiz , Alejandro Ribeiro , Elvin Isufi

The purpose of this article is to develop a machinery to study the capacity of deep neural networks (DNNs) to approximate high-dimensional functions. In particular, we show that DNNs have the expressive power to overcome the curse of…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-04-30 Pierfrancesco Beneventano , Patrick Cheridito , Robin Graeber , Arnulf Jentzen , Benno Kuckuck

This survey provides an in-depth and explanatory review of the approximation properties of deep neural networks, with a focus on feed-forward and residual architectures. The primary objective is to examine how effectively neural networks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Owen Davis , Mohammad Motamed

Effective activation functions introduce non-linear transformations, providing neural networks with stronger fitting capa-bilities, which help them better adapt to real data distributions. Huawei Noah's Lab believes that dynamic activation…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-16 Chuan Feng , Xi Lin , Shiping Zhu , Hongkang Shi , Maojie Tang , Hua Huang

We draw connections between simple neural networks and under-determined linear systems to comprehensively explore several interesting theoretical questions in the study of neural networks. First, we emphatically show that it is unsurprising…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2020-11-02 Austin R. Benson , Anil Damle , Alex Townsend

In this paper, we introduce "Power Linear Unit" (PoLU) which increases the nonlinearity capacity of a neural network and thus helps improving its performance. PoLU adopts several advantages of previously proposed activation functions.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-02-02 Yikang Li , Pak Lun Kevin Ding , Baoxin Li

We study the approximation of multivariate functions with tensor networks (TNs), providing some answers to the following two questions: ``what are the approximation capabilities of TNs for functions from classical smoothness classes?'' and…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2025-12-23 Mazen Ali , Anthony Nouy