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Retrosynthesis strategically plans the synthesis of a chemical target compound from simpler, readily available precursor compounds. This process is critical for synthesizing novel inorganic materials, yet traditional methods in inorganic…

Deep Learning models enjoy considerable success in Natural Language Processing. While deep architectures produce useful representations that lead to improvements in various tasks, they are often difficult to interpret. This makes the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2013-04-29 Christian Scheible , Hinrich Schuetze

Retrosynthesis is a technique to plan the chemical synthesis of organic molecules, for example drugs, agro- and fine chemicals. In retrosynthesis, a search tree is built by analysing molecules recursively and dissecting them into simpler…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-02-02 Marwin Segler , Mike Preuß , Mark P. Waller

Template-free SMILES-to-SMILES translation models for reaction prediction and single-step retrosynthesis are of interest for industrial applications in computer-aided synthesis planning systems due to their state-of-the-art accuracy.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-18 Mikhail Andronov , Natalia Andronova , Michael Wand , Jürgen Schmidhuber , Djork-Arné Clevert

Tokenization -- the process of decomposing a given text into a sequence of subwords called tokens -- is one of the key components in the development of language models. Particularly, auto-regressive language models generate texts token by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Daiki Chijiwa , Taku Hasegawa , Kyosuke Nishida , Shin'ya Yamaguchi , Tomoya Ohba , Tamao Sakao , Susumu Takeuchi

Finding the main product of a chemical reaction is one of the important problems of organic chemistry. This paper describes a method of applying a neural machine translation model to the prediction of organic chemical reactions. In order to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-01-02 Juno Nam , Jurae Kim

Predicting and enhancing inherent properties based on molecular structures is paramount to design tasks in medicine, materials science, and environmental management. Most of the current machine learning and deep learning approaches have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-08 Zachary R. Fox , Ayana Ghosh

Proteins are macromolecules that perform essential functions in all living organisms. Designing novel proteins with specific structures and desired functions has been a long-standing challenge in the field of bioengineering. Existing…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2023-03-03 Chence Shi , Chuanrui Wang , Jiarui Lu , Bozitao Zhong , Jian Tang

Token representation strategies within large-scale neural architectures often rely on contextually refined embeddings, yet conventional approaches seldom encode structured relationships explicitly within token interactions. Self-attention…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-27 James Blades , Frederick Somerfield , William Langley , Susan Everingham , Maurice Witherington

Retrosynthesis is the task of planning a series of chemical reactions to create a desired molecule from simpler, buyable molecules. While previous works have proposed algorithms to find optimal solutions for a range of metrics (e.g.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Austin Tripp , Krzysztof Maziarz , Sarah Lewis , Marwin Segler , José Miguel Hernández-Lobato

Chemical synthesis remains a critical bottleneck in the discovery and manufacture of functional small molecules. AI-based synthesis planning models could be a potential remedy to find effective syntheses, and have made progress in recent…

Synthesis planning and reaction outcome prediction are two fundamental problems in computer-aided organic chemistry for which a variety of data-driven approaches have emerged. Natural language approaches that model each problem as a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-20 Zhengkai Tu , Connor W. Coley

We present an extension of our Molecular Transformer architecture combined with a hyper-graph exploration strategy for automatic retrosynthesis route planning without human intervention. The single-step retrosynthetic model sets a new state…

Accurately predicting chemical reaction outcomes and potential byproducts is a fundamental task of modern chemistry, enabling the efficient design of synthetic pathways and driving progress in chemical science. Reaction mechanism, which…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2025-03-14 Shuan Chen , Kye Sung Park , Taewan Kim , Sunkyu Han , Yousung Jung

Retrosynthesis is a major task for drug discovery. It is formulated as a graph-generating problem by many existing approaches. Specifically, these methods firstly identify the reaction center, and break target molecule accordingly to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-28 Jiahan Liu , Chaochao Yan , Yang Yu , Chan Lu , Junzhou Huang , Le Ou-Yang , Peilin Zhao

Reliably predicting the products of chemical reactions presents a fundamental challenge in synthetic chemistry. Existing machine learning approaches typically produce a reaction product by sequentially forming its subparts or intermediate…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2021-06-16 Hangrui Bi , Hengyi Wang , Chence Shi , Connor Coley , Jian Tang , Hongyu Guo

Chemical reaction prediction is pivotal for accelerating drug discovery and synthesis planning. Despite advances in data-driven models, current approaches are hindered by an overemphasis on parameter and dataset scaling. Some methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Ran Li , Shimin Di , Haowei LI , Luanshi Bu , Jiachuan Wang , Wangze Ni , Lei Chen

Retrosynthesis analysis is pivotal yet challenging in drug discovery and organic chemistry. Despite the proliferation of computational tools over the past decade, AI-based systems often fall short in generalizing across diverse reaction…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-21 Yifei Yang , Runhan Shi , Zuchao Li , Shu Jiang , Bao-Liang Lu , Yang Yang , Hai Zhao

Transformers, adapted from natural language processing, are emerging as a leading approach for graph representation learning. Contemporary graph transformers often treat nodes or edges as separate tokens. This approach leads to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-04 Zihan Pengmei , Zimu Li , Chih-chan Tien , Risi Kondor , Aaron R. Dinner

The analysis of complex reaction networks is of great importance in several chemical and biochemical fields (interstellar chemistry, prebiotic chemistry, reaction mechanism, etc). In this article, we propose to simultaneously refine and…

Molecular Networks · Quantitative Biology 2008-03-11 Raphaël Plasson , Hugues Bersini , Axel Brandenburg