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Recently, increasing attention has been drawn to the internal mechanisms of convolutional neural networks, and the reason why the network makes specific decisions. In this paper, we develop a novel post-hoc visual explanation method called…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-04-14 Haofan Wang , Zifan Wang , Mengnan Du , Fan Yang , Zijian Zhang , Sirui Ding , Piotr Mardziel , Xia Hu

Machine learning models are prone to adversarial attacks, where inputs can be manipulated in order to cause misclassifications. While previous research has focused on techniques like Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs), there's limited…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-08 Langalibalele Lunga , Suhas Sreehari

Recently many methods have been introduced to explain CNN decisions. However, it has been shown that some methods can be sensitive to manipulation of the input. We continue this line of work and investigate the explanation method GradCAM.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-08-19 Tom Viering , Ziqi Wang , Marco Loog , Elmar Eisemann

Deep learning opacity often impedes deployment in high-stakes domains. We propose a training framework that aligns model focus with class-representative features without requiring pixel-level annotations. To this end, we introduce…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Giacomo Ignesti , Davide Moroni , Massimo Martinelli

Security researchers grapple with the surge of malicious files, necessitating swift identification and classification of malware strains for effective protection. Visual classifiers and in particular Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs)…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Matteo Brosolo , Vinod Puthuvath , Mauro Conti

Visual explanation maps enhance the trustworthiness of decisions made by deep learning models and offer valuable guidance for developing new algorithms in image recognition tasks. Class activation maps (CAM) and their variants (e.g.,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Yi Liao , Ugochukwu Ejike Akpudo , Jue Zhang , Yongsheng Gao , Jun Zhou , Wenyi Zeng , Weichuan Zhang

Recent brain tumor classification methods often report high accuracy but rely on deep, over-parameterized architectures with limited interpretability, making it difficult to determine whether predictions are driven by tumor-relevant…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-24 Rajan Das Gupta , Md Imrul Hasan Showmick , Lei Wei , Mushfiqur Rahman Abir , Shanjida Akter , Md. Yeasin Rahat , Md. Jakir Hossen

The increased availability and accuracy of eye-gaze tracking technology has sparked attention-related research in psychology, neuroscience, and, more recently, computer vision and artificial intelligence. The attention mechanism in…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-02-16 Hongzhi Zhu , Septimiu Salcudean , Robert Rohling

Class Activation Mapping (CAM) methods are widely used to generate visual explanations for deep learning classifiers in medical imaging. However, existing evaluation frameworks assess whether explanations are correct, measured by…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Kabilan Elangovan , Daniel Ting

Convolutional neural networks have become state-of-the-art in a wide range of image recognition tasks. The interpretation of their predictions, however, is an active area of research. Whereas various interpretation methods have been…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-11-22 Kira Vinogradova , Alexandr Dibrov , Gene Myers

Machine Learning (ML) is a fundamental part of modern perception systems. In the last decade, the performance of computer vision using trained deep neural networks has outperformed previous approaches based on careful feature engineering.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-03-03 Markus Borg , Ronald Jabangwe , Simon Åberg , Arvid Ekblom , Ludwig Hedlund , August Lidfeldt

Deep Learning has revolutionized machine learning, reaching unprecedented levels of accuracy, but at the cost of reduced interpretability. Especially in image processing systems, deep networks transform local pixel information into more…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Xinyi Zhang , Manuel Günther

The Grad-CAM algorithm provides a way to identify what parts of an image contribute most to the output of a classifier deep network. The algorithm is simple and widely used for localization of objects in an image, although some researchers…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-05-24 Miguel Lerma , Mirtha Lucas

Attention models have recently emerged as a powerful approach, demonstrating significant progress in various fields. Visualization techniques, such as class activation mapping, provide visual insights into the reasoning of convolutional…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Ali Caglayan , Nevrez Imamoglu , Oguzhan Guclu , Ali Osman Serhatoglu , Ahmet Burak Can , Ryosuke Nakamura

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) achieve prevailing results in segmentation tasks nowadays and represent the state-of-the-art for image-based analysis. However, the understanding of the accurate decision-making process of a CNN is…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-01 Tillmann Rheude , Andreas Wirtz , Arjan Kuijper , Stefan Wesarg

With the intervention of machine vision in our crucial day to day necessities including healthcare and automated power plants, attention has been drawn to the internal mechanisms of convolutional neural networks, and the reason why the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Ram S Iyer , Narayan S Iyer , Rugmini Ammal P

This document summarizes different visual explanations methods such as CAM, Grad-CAM, Localization using Multiple Instance Learning - Saliency-based methods, Saliency-driven Class-Impressions, Muting pixels in input image - Adversarial…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-06-17 Dipesh Tamboli

Planet-scale photo geolocalization involves the intricate task of estimating the geographic location depicted in an image purely based on its visual features. While deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks (CNNs),…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-26 David Faget , José Luis Lisani , Miguel Colom

Understanding and explaining deep learning models is an imperative task. Towards this, we propose a method that obtains gradient-based certainty estimates that also provide visual attention maps. Particularly, we solve for visual question…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-10-18 Badri N. Patro , Mayank Lunayach , Shivansh Patel , Vinay P. Namboodiri

Convolutional neural networks have outperformed humans in image recognition tasks, but they remain vulnerable to attacks from adversarial examples. Since these data are crafted by adding imperceptible noise to normal images, their existence…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-06-10 Heng Yin , Hengwei Zhang , Jindong Wang , Ruiyu Dou