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Black-box optimization minimizes an objective function without derivatives or explicit forms. Such an optimization method with continuous variables has been successful in the fields of machine learning and material science. For discrete…

Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) is a broad class of optimization problems with many practical applications. To solve its hard instances in an exact way, known classical algorithms require exponential time and several…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-01-21 Gian Giacomo Guerreschi

This tutorial offers a quick, hands-on introduction to solving Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) models on currently available quantum computers and their simulators. We cover both IBM and D-Wave machines: IBM utilizes a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-18 Arul Mazumder , Sridhar Tayur

We introduce kernel-QA, a black-box optimization (BBO) method that constructs surrogate models analytically using low-order polynomial kernels within a quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) framework, enabling efficient…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-11-07 Yuki Minamoto , Yuya Sakamoto

Quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) has become the standard format for optimization using quantum computers, i.e., for both the quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) and quantum annealing (QA). We present a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-04-26 Thomas Gabor , Marian Lingsch Rosenfeld , Sebastian Feld , Claudia Linnhoff-Popien

In the era of quantum computing, the emergence of quantum computers and subsequent advancements have led to the development of various quantum algorithms capable of solving linear equations and eigenvalues, surpassing the pace of classical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-26 Hyunju Lee , Kyungtaek Jun

The increasing complexity of industrial scheduling and transport routing problems motivates the study of alternative optimization formulations and computational paradigms. In this work, we study how higher-order unconstrained binary…

Quantum approaches to combinatorial optimization problems (COPs) are often limited by the resource demands of Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) encodings, which enlarge circuits through penalty terms and increase qubit and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-25 Frederik Koch , Shahram Panahiyan , Rick Mukherjee , Joseph Doetsch , Dieter Jaksch

Black-box optimization (BBO) can be used to optimize functions whose analytic form is unknown. A common approach to realising BBO is to learn a surrogate model which approximates the target black-box function which can then be solved via…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-10 Jonas Nüßlein , Christoph Roch , Thomas Gabor , Jonas Stein , Claudia Linnhoff-Popien , Sebastian Feld

Variational quantum algorithms have been advocated as promising candidates to solve combinatorial optimization problems on near-term quantum computers. Their methodology involves transforming the optimization problem into a quadratic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-08-01 Zoé Verchère , Sourour Elloumi , Andrea Simonetto

We present a novel formulation of structural design optimization problems specifically tailored to be solved by quantum annealing (QA). Structural design optimization aims to find the best, i.e., material-efficient yet high-performance,…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2024-04-17 Fabian Key , Lukas Freinberger

The advent of quantum computing processors with possibility to scale beyond experimental capacities magnifies the importance of studying their applications. Combinatorial optimization problems can be one of the promising applications of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-08-18 Ehsan Zahedinejad , Arman Zaribafiyan

The Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization problem (QUBO) has become a unifying model for representing a wide range of combinatorial optimization problems, and for linking a variety of disciplines that face these problems. A new class…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-05-30 Mark Lewis , Fred Glover

Quantum algorithms have shown promise in solving Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) problems, benefiting from their connection to the transverse field Ising model. Various Ising solvers, both classical and quantum, have…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-09-16 Zedong Peng , Daniel de Roux , David E. Bernal Neira

The Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) modeling and solution framework is a requirement for quantum and digital annealers. However optimality for QUBO problems of any practical size is extremely difficult to achieve. In…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-05-13 Amit Verma , Mark Lewis

The Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) model has gained prominence in recent years with the discovery that it unifies a rich variety of combinatorial optimization problems. By its association with the Ising problem in…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-11-06 Fred Glover , Gary Kochenberger , Yu Du

In the field of quantum computing, combinatorial optimization problems are typically addressed using QUBO (Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization) solvers. However, these solvers are often insufficient for tackling higher-order…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-24 Yuichiro Minato

Quantum computers show potential for achieving computational advantage over classical computers, with many candidate applications in combinatorial optimisation. We present an application level benchmarking framework for near-term quantum…

Several combinatorial optimization problems can be solved with NISQ devices once that a corresponding quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) form is derived. The aim of this work is to drastically reduce the variables needed for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-25 Dario De Santis , Salvatore Tirone , Stefano Marmi , Vittorio Giovannetti

Quantum computing provides powerful algorithmic tools that have been shown to outperform established classical solvers in specific optimization tasks. A core step in solving optimization problems with known quantum algorithms such as the…

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