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Foundation models for partial differential equations (PDEs) have emerged as powerful surrogates pre-trained on diverse physical systems, but adapting them to new downstream tasks remains challenging due to limited task-specific data and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Vlad Medvedev , Leon Armbruster , Christopher Straub , Georg Kruse , Andreas Rosskopf

This short, self-contained article seeks to introduce and survey continuous-time deep learning approaches that are based on neural ordinary differential equations (neural ODEs). It primarily targets readers familiar with ordinary and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-09 Lars Ruthotto

Recent works have shown that deep neural networks can be employed to solve partial differential equations, giving rise to the framework of physics informed neural networks. We introduce a generalization for these methods that manifests as a…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2021-03-25 Remco van der Meer , Cornelis Oosterlee , Anastasia Borovykh

In this paper we establish a connection between non-convex optimization methods for training deep neural networks and nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs). Relaxation techniques arising in statistical physics which have already…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-06-05 Pratik Chaudhari , Adam Oberman , Stanley Osher , Stefano Soatto , Guillaume Carlier

This work presents a brief discussion and a plan towards the analytical solving of Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) using symbolic computing, as well as an implementation of part of this plan as the PDEtools software-package of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2016-03-23 E. S. Cheb-Terrab , K. von Bulow

Learning probabilistic surrogates for partial differential equations remains challenging in data-scarce regimes: neural operators require large amounts of high-fidelity data, while generative approaches typically sacrifice resolution…

Computation · Statistics 2025-12-18 Sahil Bhola , Karthik Duraisamy

Learning the evolutionary dynamics of Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) is critical in understanding dynamic systems, yet current methods insufficiently learn their representations. This is largely due to the multi-scale nature of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Aoming Liang , Zhaoyang Mu , Pengxiao Lin , Cong Wang , Mingming Ge , Ling Shao , Dixia Fan , Hao Tang

We develop a principled framework for discovering causal structure in partial differential equations (PDEs) using physics-informed neural networks and counterfactual perturbations. Unlike classical residual minimization or sparse regression…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-26 Ronald Katende

Recent work in deep learning focuses on solving physical systems in the Ordinary Differential Equation or Partial Differential Equation. This current work proposed a variant of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) that can learn the hidden…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-02 Mansura Habiba , Barak A. Pearlmutter

We describe a map-based model which reproduces many of the behaviors seen in partial differential equations (PDE's). Like PDE's, we show that this model can support an infinite number of stationary solutions, traveling solutions, breathing…

solv-int · Physics 2015-06-26 Troy Shinbrot , J. M. Ottino

This paper addresses the problem of uniqueness in learning physical laws for systems of partial differential equations (PDEs). Contrary to most existing approaches, it considers a framework of structured model learning, where existing,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-02-17 Martin Holler , Erion Morina

Machine learning for scientific applications faces the challenge of limited data. We propose a framework that leverages a priori known physics to reduce overfitting when training on relatively small datasets. A deep neural network is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-22 Jonathan B. Freund , Jonathan F. MacArt , Justin Sirignano

In recent years, deep learning for modeling physical phenomena which can be described by partial differential equations (PDEs) have received significant attention. For example, for learning Hamiltonian mechanics, methods based on deep…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-28 Baige Xu , Yusuke Tanaka , Takashi Matsubara , Takaharu Yaguchi

Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) describe phenomena ranging from turbulence and epidemics to quantum mechanics and financial markets. Despite recent advances in computational science, solving such PDEs for real-world applications…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Lothar Heimbach , Sebastian Kaltenbach , Petr Karnakov , Francis J. Alexander , Petros Koumoutsakos

Differential Equations are among the most important Mathematical tools used in creating models in the science, engineering, economics, mathematics, physics, aeronautics, astronomy, dynamics, biology, chemistry, medicine, environmental…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2020-12-15 Byakatonda Denis

While there is currently a lot of enthusiasm about "big data", useful data is usually "small" and expensive to acquire. In this paper, we present a new paradigm of learning partial differential equations from {\em small} data. In…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-01-17 Maziar Raissi , George Em Karniadakis

Machine learning (ML) models have emerged as a promising approach for solving partial differential equations (PDEs) in science and engineering. Previous ML models typically cannot generalize outside the training data; for example, a trained…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-28 Zongyi Li , Samuel Lanthaler , Catherine Deng , Michael Chen , Yixuan Wang , Kamyar Azizzadenesheli , Anima Anandkumar

In this work, we develop a method for learning interpretable, thermodynamically stable and Galilean invariant partial differential equations (PDEs) based on the Conservation-dissipation Formalism of irreversible thermodynamics. As governing…

Computational Physics · Physics 2021-10-13 Juntao Huang , Zhiting Ma , Yizhou Zhou , Wen-An Yong

Partial differential equations play a fundamental role in the mathematical modelling of many processes and systems in physical, biological and other sciences. To simulate such processes and systems, the solutions of PDEs often need to be…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2023-02-09 Tamara G. Grossmann , Urszula Julia Komorowska , Jonas Latz , Carola-Bibiane Schönlieb

In this note we shall introduce a simple, effective numerical method for solving partial differential equations for scalar and vector-valued data defined on surfaces. Even though we shall follow the traditional way to approximate the…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2009-07-13 Sheng-Gwo Chen , Mei-Hsiu Chi , Jyh-Yang Wu