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The Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP) is a well-known NP-Hard combinatorial optimisation problem, with industrial use cases such as last-mile delivery. Although TSP has been studied extensively on quantum computers, it is rare to find…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-09 Daniel Goldsmith , Xing Liang , Dimitrios Makris , Hongwei Wu

Reinforcement learning has recently shown promise in learning quality solutions in many combinatorial optimization problems. In particular, the attention-based encoder-decoder models show high effectiveness on various routing problems,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-12-06 Aigerim Bogyrbayeva , Taehyun Yoon , Hanbum Ko , Sungbin Lim , Hyokun Yun , Changhyun Kwon

While there are optimal TSP solvers, as well as recent learning-based approaches, the generalization of the TSP to the Multiple Traveling Salesmen Problem is much less studied. Here, we design a neural network solution that treats the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-02-18 Yoav Kaempfer , Lior Wolf

This work presents solutions to the Traveling Salesperson Problem with precedence constraints (TSPPC) using Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) by adapting recent approaches that work well for regular TSPs. Common to these approaches is the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-20 Christian Löwens , Inaam Ashraf , Alexander Gembus , Genesis Cuizon , Jonas K. Falkner , Lars Schmidt-Thieme

Tabular Prior-Data Fitted Network (TabPFN) is a foundation model designed for small to medium-sized tabular data, which has attracted much attention recently. This paper investigates the application of TabPFN in Combinatorial Optimization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Nguyen Gia Hien Vu , Yifan Tang , Rey Lim , Yifan Yang , Hang Ma , Ke Wang , G. Gary Wang

This paper introduces a new deep learning approach to approximately solve the Covering Salesman Problem (CSP). In this approach, given the city locations of a CSP as input, a deep neural network model is designed to directly output the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-09-15 Kaiwen Li , Tao Zhang , Rui Wang Yuheng Wang , Yi Han

The travelling salesman problem (TSP) of space trajectory design is complicated by its complex structure design space. The graph based tree search and stochastic seeding combinatorial approaches are commonly employed to tackle the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-09-07 Liqiang Hou , Shufan Wu , Zhongcheng Mu , Meilin Liu

This paper addresses the Traveling Salesman Problem with Drone (TSP-D), in which a truck and drone are used to deliver parcels to customers. The objective of this problem is to either minimize the total operational cost (min-cost TSP-D) or…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-11-20 Quang Minh Ha , Yves Deville , Quang Dung Pham , Minh Hoàng Hà

Recent systems applying Machine Learning (ML) to solve the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) exhibit issues when they try to scale up to real case scenarios with several hundred vertices. The use of Candidate Lists (CLs) has been brought up…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-09-15 Umberto Junior Mele , Luca Maria Gambardella , Roberto Montemanni

The genetic algorithm includes some parameters that should be adjusted, so as to get reliable results. Choosing a representation of the problem addressed, an initial population, a method of selection, a crossover operator, mutation…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2012-03-15 Otman Abdoun , Jaafar Abouchabaka , Chakir Tajani

We present an application of the tensor network generator-enhanced optimization (TN-GEO) framework to address the traveling salesman problem (TSP), a fundamental combinatorial optimization challenge. Our approach employs a tensor network…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Ryo Sakai , Chen-Yu Liu

We study a new version of the Traveling Salesperson Problem, called \VectorTSP, where the traveler is subject to discrete acceleration constraints, as defined in the paper-and-pencil game Racetrack (also known as Vector Racer). In this…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-02-12 Arnaud Casteigts , Mathieu Raffinot , Mikhail Raskin , Jason Schoeters

This work proposes a self-supervised training strategy designed for combinatorial problems. An obstacle in applying supervised paradigms to such problems is the need for costly target solutions often produced with exact solvers. Inspired by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Andrea Corsini , Angelo Porrello , Simone Calderara , Mauro Dell'Amico

Neural networks have advanced combinatorial optimization, with Transformer-based solvers achieving near-optimal solutions on the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) in milliseconds. However, these models operate as black boxes, providing no…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Reuben Narad , Leonard Boussioux , Michael Wagner

In this article, we present a novel formulation for the load-dependent traveling salesman problem (LD-TSP), in which travel cost (or energy expended) depends on the vehicle's current load. This problem is relevant for package delivery and…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-08 Deepak Prakash Kumar , Saurabh Belgaonkar , Sivakumar Rathinam , Swaroop Darbha , David W. Casbeer

This paper reviews the current progress in applying machine learning (ML) tools to solve NP-hard combinatorial optimization problems, with a focus on routing problems such as the traveling salesman problem (TSP) and the vehicle routing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Fangting Zhou , Attila Lischka , Balazs Kulcsar , Jiaming Wu , Morteza Haghir Chehreghani , Gilbert Laporte

The characterization of strong valid inequalities for integer and mixed-integer programs is more of an artistic task than a systematic methodology, requiring inspiration that can sometimes be elusive. Frequently, this task is facilitated by…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-04-17 Asghar Moeini , Kate Smith-Miles

Graph Neural Networks (GNN) are a promising technique for bridging differential programming and combinatorial domains. GNNs employ trainable modules which can be assembled in different configurations that reflect the relational structure of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-11-19 Marcelo O. R. Prates , Pedro H. C. Avelar , Henrique Lemos , Luis Lamb , Moshe Vardi

The Colored Points Traveling Salesman Problem (Colored Points TSP) is introduced in this work as a novel variation of the traditional Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) in which the set of points is partitioned into multiple classes, each of…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2024-01-09 Saeed Asaeedi

In this work, a novel idea is presented for combinatorial optimization problems, a hybrid network, which results in a superior outcome. We applied this method to graph pointer networks [1], expanding its capabilities to a higher level. We…