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The Traveling-Salesperson-Problem (TSP) is arguably one of the best-known NP-hard combinatorial optimization problems. The two sophisticated heuristic solvers LKH and EAX and respective (restart) variants manage to calculate close-to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-05-28 Jakob Bossek , Pascal Kerschke , Heike Trautmann

In the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP), a list of cities and the distances between them are given. The goal is to find the shortest possible route that visits each city exactly once and returns to the original city. The TSP has a wide…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-06-17 Johnny Seay , Edwin Gonzalez , Stephen Lowe , Jesse Crawford , Bryant Wyatt

Most neural solvers for the Traveling Salesperson Problem (TSP) are trained to output a single solution, even though practitioners rarely stop there: at test time, they routinely spend extra compute on sampling or post-hoc search. This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Andoni Irazusta Garmendia

We describe a hybrid procedure for solving the traveling salesman problem (TSP) to provable optimality. We first sparsify the instance, and then use a hybrid algorithm that combines a branch-and-cut TSP solver with a Hamiltonian cycle…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2017-05-22 Vladimir Ejov , Michael Haythorpe , Serguei Rossomakhine

We show that the traveling salesman problem (TSP) and its many variants may be modeled as functional optimization problems over a graph. In this formulation, all vertices and arcs of the graph are functionals; i.e., a mapping from a space…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-05-08 I. M. Ross , R. J. Proulx , M. Karpenko

The Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) is one of the most representative NP-hard problems in route planning and a long-standing benchmark in combinatorial optimization. Traditional heuristic tour constructors, such as Farthest or Nearest…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Wei Huang , Hanchen Wang , Dong Wen , Wenjie Zhang

The Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) is a well-known combinatorial optimization problem with broad real-world applications. Recent advancements in neural network-based TSP solvers have shown promising results. Nonetheless, these models…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Yubin Xiao , Di Wang , Rui Cao , Xuan Wu , Boyang Li , You Zhou

An important variant of the classic Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) is the Dynamic TSP, in which a system with dynamic constraints is tasked with visiting a set of n target locations (in any order) in the shortest amount of time. Such…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-02-02 Aviv Adler , Oren Gal , Sertac Karaman

The traveling salesman problem (TSP) is one of the most prominent combinatorial optimization problems. Given a complete graph G = (V, E) and non-negative distances d for every edge, the TSP asks for a shortest tour through all vertices with…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-09-30 Ulrich Pferschy , Rostislav Stanek

This study addresses the Min-Max Multiple Traveling Salesmen Problem ($m^3$-TSP), which aims to coordinate tours for multiple salesmen such that the length of the longest tour is minimized. Due to its NP-hard nature, exact solvers become…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Wen Wang , Xiangchen Wu , Liang Wang , Hao Hu , Xianping Tao , Linghao Zhang

Solutions to the Traveling Salesperson Problem (TSP) have practical applications to processes in transportation, logistics, and automation, yet must be computed with minimal delay to satisfy the real-time nature of the underlying tasks.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-06 Benjamin Hudson , Qingbiao Li , Matthew Malencia , Amanda Prorok

The Travelling Thief Problem (TTP) is a challenging combinatorial optimization problem that attracts many scholars. The TTP interconnects two well-known NP-hard problems: the Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP) and the 0-1 Knapsack Problem…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-12-17 Lei Yang , Zitong Zhang , Xiaotian Jia , Peipei Kang , Wensheng Zhang , Dongya Wang

We explore the impact of learning paradigms on training deep neural networks for the Travelling Salesman Problem. We design controlled experiments to train supervised learning (SL) and reinforcement learning (RL) models on fixed graph sizes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-01 Chaitanya K. Joshi , Thomas Laurent , Xavier Bresson

Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) is a decision-making problem that is essential for a number of practical applications. Today, this problem is solved on digital computers exploiting Boolean-type architecture by checking one by one a number…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2023-02-13 Mykhaylo Balinskiy , Alexander Khitun

In recent years, there has been a notable surge in research on machine learning techniques for combinatorial optimization. It has been shown that learning-based methods outperform traditional heuristics and mathematical solvers on the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Shiqing Liu , Xueming Yan , Yaochu Jin

We propose a manager-worker framework based on deep reinforcement learning to tackle a hard yet nontrivial variant of Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP), \ie~multiple-vehicle TSP with time window and rejections (mTSPTWR), where customers who…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-14 Rongkai Zhang , Cong Zhang , Zhiguang Cao , Wen Song , Puay Siew Tan , Jie Zhang , Bihan Wen , Justin Dauwels

The Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) is a well-known combinatorial optimization problem that aims to find the shortest possible route that visits each city exactly once and returns to the starting point. This paper explores the application…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Kael Silva Araújo , Francisco Márcio Barboza

For NP-hard combinatorial optimization problems, it is usually difficult to find high-quality solutions in polynomial time. The design of either an exact algorithm or an approximate algorithm for these problems often requires significantly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-07 Kun Lei , Peng Guo , Yi Wang , Xiao Wu , Wenchao Zhao

The Steiner Traveling Salesman Problem (STSP) is a variant of the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) that is particularly suitable when dealing with sparse networks, such as road networks. The standard integer programming formulation of the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2012-03-20 Adam N. Letchford , Saeideh D. Nasiri , Dirk Oliver Theis

Several important optimization problems in the area of vehicle routing can be seen as a variant of the classical Traveling Salesperson Problem (TSP). In the area of evolutionary computation, the traveling thief problem (TTP) has gained…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-02-05 Jakob Bossek , Katrin Casel , Pascal Kerschke , Frank Neumann