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Social media platforms are being increasingly used by malicious actors to share unsafe content, such as images depicting sexual activity, cyberbullying, and self-harm. Consequently, major platforms use artificial intelligence (AI) and human…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-23 Mazal Bethany , Brandon Wherry , Nishant Vishwamitra , Peyman Najafirad

Counterfactual explanations (CFE) for deep image classifiers aim to reveal how minimal input changes lead to different model decisions, providing critical insights for model interpretation and improvement. However, existing CFE methods…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Townim Faisal Chowdhury , Vu Minh Hieu Phan , Kewen Liao , Nanyu Dong , Minh-Son To , Anton Hengel , Johan Verjans , Zhibin Liao

Image paragraph captioning aims to describe a given image with a sequence of coherent sentences. Most existing methods model the coherence through the topic transition that dynamically infers a topic vector from preceding sentences.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-06-22 Qi Zheng , Chaoyue Wang , Dadong Wang

Machine-learning models, which are known to accurately predict patterns from large datasets, are crucial in decision making. Consequently, counterfactual explanations-methods explaining predictions by introducing input perturbations-have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-23 Yuta Sumiya , Hayaru shouno

Visual Question Answering (VQA) has attracted attention from both computer vision and natural language processing communities. Most existing approaches adopt the pipeline of representing an image via pre-trained CNNs, and then using the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-01-30 Qing Li , Jianlong Fu , Dongfei Yu , Tao Mei , Jiebo Luo

Object-context shortcuts remain a persistent challenge in vision-language models, undermining zero-shot reliability when test-time scenes differ from familiar training co-occurrences. We recast this issue as a causal inference problem and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Pei Peng , MingKun Xie , Hang Hao , Tong Jin , ShengJun Huang

We seek to semantically describe a set of images, capturing both the attributes of single images and the variations within the set. Our procedure is analogous to Principle Component Analysis, in which the role of projection vectors is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-10-24 Oded Hupert , Idan Schwartz , Lior Wolf

Contrastive learning is a cornerstone underlying recent progress in multi-view and multimodal learning, e.g., in representation learning with image/caption pairs. While its effectiveness is not yet fully understood, a line of recent work…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-17 Imant Daunhawer , Alice Bizeul , Emanuele Palumbo , Alexander Marx , Julia E. Vogt

Making inferences from partial information constitutes a critical aspect of cognition. During visual perception, pattern completion enables recognition of poorly visible or occluded objects. We combined psychophysics, physiology and…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2018-08-15 Hanlin Tang , Martin Schrimpf , Bill Lotter , Charlotte Moerman , Ana Paredes , Josue Ortega Caro , Walter Hardesty , David Cox , Gabriel Kreiman

Counterfactual generation lies at the core of various machine learning tasks, including image translation and controllable text generation. This generation process usually requires the identification of the disentangled latent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-26 Hanqi Yan , Lingjing Kong , Lin Gui , Yuejie Chi , Eric Xing , Yulan He , Kun Zhang

Modern deep neural networks tend to be evaluated on static test sets. One shortcoming of this is the fact that these deep neural networks cannot be easily evaluated for robustness issues with respect to specific scene variations. For…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-11-30 Nataniel Ruiz , Sarah Adel Bargal , Cihang Xie , Kate Saenko , Stan Sclaroff

Medical video diagnosis involves inferring clinical decisions from dynamic tissue responses throughout examination processes. Existing methods rely on an end-to-end learning paradigm that i) focuses on appearance rather than pathology, ii)…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Jianzhe Gao , Churan Wang , Weiyi Zhang , Jianghua Li , Li-An Li , Wenguan Wang , Yixin Zhu , Yizhou Wang

Understanding the decision processes of deep vision models is essential for their safe and trustworthy deployment in real-world settings. Existing explainability approaches, such as saliency maps or concept-based analyses, often suffer from…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Éloi Zablocki , Valentin Gerard , Amaia Cardiel , Eric Gaussier , Matthieu Cord , Eduardo Valle

Recent multimodal models such as Contrastive Language-Image Pre-training (CLIP) have shown remarkable ability to align visual and linguistic representations. However, domains where small visual differences carry large semantic significance,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Hiroshi Sasaki

The adoption of increasingly complex deep models has fueled an urgent need for insight into how these models make predictions. Counterfactual explanations form a powerful tool for providing actionable explanations to practitioners.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Paraskevas Pegios , Aasa Feragen , Andreas Abildtrup Hansen , Georgios Arvanitidis

Sophisticated machine models are increasingly used for high-stakes decisions in everyday life. There is an urgent need to develop effective explanation techniques for such automated decisions. Rule-Based Explanations have been proposed for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-01 Zixuan Geng , Maximilian Schleich , Dan Suciu

To understand the black-box characteristics of deep networks, counterfactual explanation that deduces not only the important features of an input space but also how those features should be modified to classify input as a target class has…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-15 Hong-Gyu Jung , Sin-Han Kang , Hee-Dong Kim , Dong-Ok Won , Seong-Whan Lee

Counterfactual explanations provide a potentially significant solution to the Explainable AI (XAI) problem, but good, native counterfactuals have been shown to rarely occur in most datasets. Hence, the most popular methods generate…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-01-25 Barry Smyth , Mark T Keane

Work in Counterfactual Explanations tends to focus on the principle of "the closest possible world" that identifies small changes leading to the desired outcome. In this paper we argue that while this approach might initially seem…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-25 Rafael Poyiadzi , Kacper Sokol , Raul Santos-Rodriguez , Tijl De Bie , Peter Flach

Despite the rapid progress of multimodal large language models (MLLMs), they have largely overlooked the importance of visual processing. In a simple yet revealing experiment, we interestingly find that language-only models, when provided…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Yuting Li , Lai Wei , Kaipeng Zheng , Jingyuan Huang , Guilin Li , Bo Wang , Linghe Kong , Lichao Sun , Weiran Huang