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Quality Estimation (QE) is essential for assessing machine translation quality in reference-less settings, particularly for domain-specific and low-resource language scenarios. In this paper, we investigate sentence-level QE for English to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Namrata Patil Gurav , Akashdeep Ranu , Archchana Sindhujan , Diptesh Kanojia

Machine Translation (MT) Quality Estimation (QE) assesses translation reliability without reference texts. This study introduces "textual similarity" as a new metric for QE, using sentence transformers and cosine similarity to measure…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Kun Sun , Rong Wang

Quality estimation (QE) reranking is a form of quality-aware decoding which aims to improve machine translation (MT) by scoring and selecting the best candidate from a pool of generated translations. While known to be effective at the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Krzysztof Mrozinski , Minji Kang , Ahmed Khota , Vincent Michael Sutanto , Giovanni Gatti De Giacomo

Quality Estimation (QE) models for Neural Machine Translation (NMT) predict the quality of the hypothesis without having access to the reference. An emerging research direction in NMT involves the use of QE models, which have demonstrated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Sai Koneru , Matthias Huck , Miriam Exel , Jan Niehues

Recent Quality Estimation (QE) models based on multilingual pre-trained representations have achieved very competitive results when predicting the overall quality of translated sentences. Predicting translation errors, i.e. detecting…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-08-30 Marina Fomicheva , Lucia Specia , Nikolaos Aletras

Quality Estimation (QE) is the task of predicting the quality of Machine Translation (MT) system output, without using any gold-standard translation references. State-of-the-art QE models are supervised: they require human-labeled quality…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-14 Tu Anh Dinh , Jan Niehues

Quality Estimation (QE) is an important component of the machine translation workflow as it assesses the quality of the translated output without consulting reference translations. In this paper, we discuss our submission to the WMT 2021 QE…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-10 Shaika Chowdhury , Naouel Baili , Brian Vannah

Current Machine Translation systems achieve very good results on a growing variety of language pairs and data sets. However, it is now well known that they produce fluent translation outputs that often can contain important meaning errors.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-28 Vibhuti Kumari , Narayana Murthy Kavi

Current state-of-the-art Quality Estimation (QE) in machine translation relies on massive, proprietary LLMs, raising data privacy concerns. We demonstrate that smaller, open-source LLMs (<30B parameters) are a viable, cost-effective and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Kamil Guttmann , Zofia Fraś , Artur Nowakowski , Krzysztof Jassem

Insufficient modeling of human preferences within the reward model is a major obstacle for leveraging human feedback to improve translation quality. Fortunately, quality estimation (QE), which predicts the quality of a given translation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Zhiwei He , Xing Wang , Wenxiang Jiao , Zhuosheng Zhang , Rui Wang , Shuming Shi , Zhaopeng Tu

Translation Quality Estimation (QE) is the task of predicting the quality of machine translation (MT) output without any reference. This task has gained increasing attention as an important component in the practical applications of MT. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Fatemeh Azadi , Heshaam Faili , Mohammad Javad Dousti

Quality Estimation (QE) aims to assess the quality of machine translation (MT) outputs without relying on reference translations, making it essential for real-world, large-scale MT evaluation. Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Archchana Sindhujan , Girish A. Koushik , Shenbin Qian , Diptesh Kanojia , Constantin Orăsan

Building of data for quality estimation (QE) training is expensive and requires significant human labor. In this study, we focus on a data-centric approach while performing QE, and subsequently propose a fully automatic pseudo-QE dataset…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-11-02 Sugyeong Eo , Chanjun Park , Jaehyung Seo , Hyeonseok Moon , Heuiseok Lim

Word-level Quality Estimation (QE) of Machine Translation (MT) aims to find out potential translation errors in the translated sentence without reference. Typically, conventional works on word-level QE are designed to predict the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-09-14 Zhen Yang , Fandong Meng , Yuanmeng Yan , Jie Zhou

Automatic Post-Editing (APE) is the task of automatically identifying and correcting errors in the Machine Translation (MT) outputs. We propose a repair-filter-use methodology that uses an APE system to correct errors on the target side of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Akshay Batheja , Sourabh Deoghare , Diptesh Kanojia , Pushpak Bhattacharyya

Machine Translation Quality Estimation (MTQE) is the task of estimating the quality of machine-translated text in real time without the need for reference translations, which is of great importance for the development of MT. After two…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Haofei Zhao , Yilun Liu , Shimin Tao , Weibin Meng , Yimeng Chen , Xiang Geng , Chang Su , Min Zhang , Hao Yang

Quality Estimation (QE) is an important component in making Machine Translation (MT) useful in real-world applications, as it is aimed to inform the user on the quality of the MT output at test time. Existing approaches require large…

Machine Translation (MT) and Quality Estimation (QE) perform well in general domains but degrade under domain mismatch. This dissertation studies how to adapt MT and QE systems to specialized domains through a set of data-focused…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Javad Pourmostafa Roshan Sharami

Machine translation quality estimation (QE) predicts human judgements of a translation hypothesis without seeing the reference. State-of-the-art QE systems based on pretrained language models have been achieving remarkable correlations with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-26 Vilém Zouhar , Shehzaad Dhuliawala , Wangchunshu Zhou , Nico Daheim , Tom Kocmi , Yuchen Eleanor Jiang , Mrinmaya Sachan

Word-level quality estimation (QE) methods aim to detect erroneous spans in machine translations, which can direct and facilitate human post-editing. While the accuracy of word-level QE systems has been assessed extensively, their usability…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Gabriele Sarti , Vilém Zouhar , Grzegorz Chrupała , Ana Guerberof-Arenas , Malvina Nissim , Arianna Bisazza