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While multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) has been proven effective across both collaborative and competitive tasks, existing algorithms often struggle to scale to large populations of agents. Recent advancements in mean-field (MF)…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Bhavini Jeloka , Yue Guan , Panagiotis Tsiotras

We anticipate increased instances of humans and AI systems working together in what we refer to as a hybrid team. The increase in collaboration is expected as AI systems gain proficiency and their adoption becomes more widespread. However,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Andrew Fuchs , Andrea Passarella , Marco Conti

Few multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) research on Google Research Football (GRF) focus on the 11v11 multi-agent full-game scenario and to the best of our knowledge, no open benchmark on this scenario has been released to the public.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-21 Yan Song , He Jiang , Zheng Tian , Haifeng Zhang , Yingping Zhang , Jiangcheng Zhu , Zonghong Dai , Weinan Zhang , Jun Wang

The cooperation among AI systems, and between AI systems and humans is becoming increasingly important. In various real-world tasks, an agent needs to cooperate with unknown partner agent types. This requires the agent to assess the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-05 Antti Keurulainen , Isak Westerlund , Ariel Kwiatkowski , Samuel Kaski , Alexander Ilin

We introduce a human-compatible reinforcement-learning approach to a cooperative game, making use of a third-party hand-coded human-compatible bot to generate initial training data and to perform initial evaluation. Our learning approach…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-12-01 Edward Lockhart , Neil Burch , Nolan Bard , Sebastian Borgeaud , Tom Eccles , Lucas Smaira , Ray Smith

Agent faults pose a significant threat to the performance of multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) algorithms, introducing two key challenges. First, agents often struggle to extract critical information from the chaotic state space…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Yuchen Shi , Huaxin Pei , Liang Feng , Yi Zhang , Danya Yao

Many scenarios in mobility and traffic involve multiple different agents that need to cooperate to find a joint solution. Recent advances in behavioral planning use Reinforcement Learning to find effective and performant behavior…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-08-03 Lukas M. Schmidt , Johanna Brosig , Axel Plinge , Bjoern M. Eskofier , Christopher Mutschler

A significant element of human cooperative intelligence lies in our ability to identify opportunities for fruitful collaboration; and conversely to recognise when the task at hand is better pursued alone. Research on flexible cooperation in…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Max Taylor-Davies , Neil Bramley , Christopher G. Lucas

Trust region methods are widely applied in single-agent reinforcement learning problems due to their monotonic performance-improvement guarantee at every iteration. Nonetheless, when applied in multi-agent settings, the guarantee of trust…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2021-06-15 Ying Wen , Hui Chen , Yaodong Yang , Zheng Tian , Minne Li , Xu Chen , Jun Wang

We study multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) with centralized training and decentralized execution. During the training, new agents may join, and existing agents may unexpectedly leave the training. In such situations, a standard deep…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-05 Xuting Tang , Jia Xu , Shusen Wang

Developing Large Language Models (LLMs) to cooperate and compete effectively within multi-agent systems (MASs) is a critical step towards more advanced intelligence. While reinforcement learning (RL) has proven effective for enhancing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Huining Yuan , Zelai Xu , Zheyue Tan , Xiangmin Yi , Mo Guang , Kaiwen Long , Haojia Hui , Boxun Li , Xinlei Chen , Bo Zhao , Xiao-Ping Zhang , Chao Yu , Yu Wang

When a game involves many agents or when communication between agents is not possible, it is useful to resort to distributed learning where each agent acts in complete autonomy without any information on the other agents' situations.…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-09-24 Jérôme Taupin , Xavier Leturc , Christophe J. Le Martret

This paper investigates the model-based methods in multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL). We specify the dynamics sample complexity and the opponent sample complexity in MARL, and conduct a theoretic analysis of return discrepancy upper…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-18 Weinan Zhang , Xihuai Wang , Jian Shen , Ming Zhou

In collaborative tasks, being able to adapt to your teammates is a necessary requirement for success. When teammates are heterogeneous, such as in human-agent teams, agents need to be able to observe, recognize, and adapt to their human…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Benjamin Li , Shuyang Shi , Lucia Romero , Huao Li , Yaqi Xie , Woojun Kim , Stefanos Nikolaidis , Michael Lewis , Katia Sycara , Simon Stepputtis

Offline Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) is an emerging field that aims to learn optimal multi-agent policies from pre-collected datasets. Compared to single-agent case, multi-agent setting involves a large joint state-action space…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-19 Zongkai Liu , Qian Lin , Chao Yu , Xiawei Wu , Yile Liang , Donghui Li , Xuetao Ding

Artificial intelligence (AI) is reshaping strategic planning, with Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) enabling coordination among autonomous agents in complex scenarios. However, its practical deployment in sensitive military…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Ardian Selmonaj , Alessandro Antonucci , Adrian Schneider , Michael Rüegsegger , Matthias Sommer

Flocking control is a challenging problem, where multiple agents, such as drones or vehicles, need to reach a target position while maintaining the flock and avoiding collisions with obstacles and collisions among agents in the environment.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-20 Yunbo Qiu , Yue Jin , Jian Wang , Xudong Zhang

Deep reinforcement learning has been applied successfully to solve various real-world problems and the number of its applications in the multi-agent settings has been increasing. Multi-agent learning distinctly poses significant challenges…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-24 Ngoc Duy Nguyen , Thanh Thi Nguyen , Doug Creighton , Saeid Nahavandi

Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) comprises an area of growing interest in the field of machine learning. Despite notable advances, there are still problems that require investigation. The lazy agent pathology is a famous problem in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Rafael Pina , Varuna De Silva , Corentin Artaud

In open multi-agent environments, the agents may encounter unexpected teammates. Classical multi-agent learning approaches train agents that can only coordinate with seen teammates. Recent studies attempted to generate diverse teammates to…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2023-09-25 Lei Yuan , Lihe Li , Ziqian Zhang , Feng Chen , Tianyi Zhang , Cong Guan , Yang Yu , Zhi-Hua Zhou