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Being able to explain the prediction to clinical end-users is a necessity to leverage the power of AI models for clinical decision support. For medical images, saliency maps are the most common form of explanation. The maps highlight…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-07-13 Weina Jin , Xiaoxiao Li , Ghassan Hamarneh

Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) is essential for enabling clinical users to get informed decision support from AI and comply with evidence-based medical practice. Applying XAI in clinical settings requires proper evaluation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-09 Weina Jin , Xiaoxiao Li , Mostafa Fatehi , Ghassan Hamarneh

Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) has become increasingly important in biomedical image analysis to promote transparency, trust, and clinical adoption of DL models. While several surveys have reviewed XAI techniques, they often lack…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Getamesay Haile Dagnaw , Yanming Zhu , Muhammad Hassan Maqsood , Wencheng Yang , Xingshuai Dong , Xuefei Yin , Alan Wee-Chung Liew

Although machine learning (ML) models of AI achieve high performances in medicine, they are not free of errors. Empowering clinicians to identify incorrect model recommendations is crucial for engendering trust in medical AI. Explainable AI…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-12-20 Isil Guzey , Ozlem Ucar , Nukhet Aladag Ciftdemir , Betul Acunas

The field of 'explainable' artificial intelligence (XAI) has produced highly cited methods that seek to make the decisions of complex machine learning (ML) methods 'understandable' to humans, for example by attributing 'importance' scores…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-08 Benedict Clark , Rick Wilming , Stefan Haufe

The lack of transparency and explainability hinders the clinical adoption of Machine learning (ML) algorithms. While explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) methods have been proposed, little research has focused on the agreement between…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-29 Aida Brankovic , Wenjie Huang , David Cook , Sankalp Khanna , Konstanty Bialkowski

Would you trust physicians if they cannot explain their decisions to you? Medical diagnostics using machine learning gained enormously in importance within the last decade. However, without further enhancements many state-of-the-art machine…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-01 Emanuel Slany , Yannik Ott , Stephan Scheele , Jan Paulus , Ute Schmid

It is imperative that breast cancer is detected precisely and timely to improve patient outcomes. Diagnostic methodologies have traditionally relied on unimodal approaches; however, medical data analytics is integrating diverse data sources…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Faseela Abdullakutty , Younes Akbari , Somaya Al-Maadeed , Ahmed Bouridane , Rifat Hamoudi

Due to the sensitive nature of medicine, it is particularly important and highly demanded that AI methods are explainable. This need has been recognised and there is great research interest in xAI solutions with medical applications.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Luisa Gallée , Catharina Silvia Lisson , Christoph Gerhard Lisson , Daniela Drees , Felix Weig , Daniel Vogele , Meinrad Beer , Michael Götz

Black-box deep learning approaches have showcased significant potential in the realm of medical image analysis. However, the stringent trustworthiness requirements intrinsic to the medical field have catalyzed research into the utilization…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Yequan Bie , Luyang Luo , Hao Chen

The remarkable success of deep learning has prompted interest in its application to medical imaging diagnosis. Even though state-of-the-art deep learning models have achieved human-level accuracy on the classification of different types of…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-09-20 Cristiano Patrício , João C. Neves , Luís F. Teixeira

In recent years, AI systems in the medical domain have advanced significantly. However, despite outperforming humans, they are rarely used in practice since it is often not clear how they make their decisions. Optimal explanation and…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Julia Wagner , Tim Schlippe

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into medicine is remarkable, offering advanced diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities. However, the inherent opacity of complex AI models presents significant challenges to their clinical…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Binbin Wen , Yihang Wu , Tareef Daqqaq , Ahmad Chaddad

Despite the fact that Artificial Intelligence (AI) has boosted the achievement of remarkable results across numerous data analysis tasks, however, this is typically accompanied by a significant shortcoming in the exhibited transparency and…

While the importance of automatic image analysis is continuously increasing, recent meta-research revealed major flaws with respect to algorithm validation. Performance metrics are particularly key for meaningful, objective, and transparent…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-12-08 Annika Reinke , Minu D. Tizabi , Carole H. Sudre , Matthias Eisenmann , Tim Rädsch , Michael Baumgartner , Laura Acion , Michela Antonelli , Tal Arbel , Spyridon Bakas , Peter Bankhead , Arriel Benis , Matthew Blaschko , Florian Buettner , M. Jorge Cardoso , Jianxu Chen , Veronika Cheplygina , Evangelia Christodoulou , Beth Cimini , Gary S. Collins , Sandy Engelhardt , Keyvan Farahani , Luciana Ferrer , Adrian Galdran , Bram van Ginneken , Ben Glocker , Patrick Godau , Robert Haase , Fred Hamprecht , Daniel A. Hashimoto , Doreen Heckmann-Nötzel , Peter Hirsch , Michael M. Hoffman , Merel Huisman , Fabian Isensee , Pierre Jannin , Charles E. Kahn , Dagmar Kainmueller , Bernhard Kainz , Alexandros Karargyris , Alan Karthikesalingam , A. Emre Kavur , Hannes Kenngott , Jens Kleesiek , Andreas Kleppe , Sven Kohler , Florian Kofler , Annette Kopp-Schneider , Thijs Kooi , Michal Kozubek , Anna Kreshuk , Tahsin Kurc , Bennett A. Landman , Geert Litjens , Amin Madani , Klaus Maier-Hein , Anne L. Martel , Peter Mattson , Erik Meijering , Bjoern Menze , David Moher , Karel G. M. Moons , Henning Müller , Brennan Nichyporuk , Felix Nickel , M. Alican Noyan , Jens Petersen , Gorkem Polat , Susanne M. Rafelski , Nasir Rajpoot , Mauricio Reyes , Nicola Rieke , Michael Riegler , Hassan Rivaz , Julio Saez-Rodriguez , Clara I. Sánchez , Julien Schroeter , Anindo Saha , M. Alper Selver , Lalith Sharan , Shravya Shetty , Maarten van Smeden , Bram Stieltjes , Ronald M. Summers , Abdel A. Taha , Aleksei Tiulpin , Sotirios A. Tsaftaris , Ben Van Calster , Gaël Varoquaux , Manuel Wiesenfarth , Ziv R. Yaniv , Paul Jäger , Lena Maier-Hein

The field of "explainable artificial intelligence" (XAI) seemingly addresses the desire that decisions of machine learning systems should be human-understandable. However, in its current state, XAI itself needs scrutiny. Popular methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Stefan Haufe , Rick Wilming , Benedict Clark , Rustam Zhumagambetov , Ahcène Boubekki , Jörg Martin , Danny Panknin

The increasing complexity of AI systems has led to the growth of the field of Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI), which aims to provide explanations and justifications for the outputs of AI algorithms. While there is considerable…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Maryam Hashemi , Ali Darejeh , Francisco Cruz

Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) plays an indispensable role in demystifying the decision-making processes of AI, especially within the healthcare industry. Clinicians rely heavily on detailed reasoning when making a diagnosis,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-26 Anna Stubbin , Thompson Chyrikov , Jim Zhao , Christina Chajo

Multi-modal medical image fusion (MMIF) is increasingly recognized as an essential technique for enhancing diagnostic precision and facilitating effective clinical decision-making within computer-aided diagnosis systems. MMIF combines data…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-22 Muhammad Zubair , Muzammil Hussai , Mousa Ahmad Al-Bashrawi , Malika Bendechache , Muhammad Owais

In medical imaging, particularly in early disease detection and prognosis tasks, discerning the rationale behind an AI model's predictions is crucial for evaluating the reliability of its decisions. Conventional explanation methods face…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-28 Yingying Fang , Zihao Jin , Xiaodan Xing , Simon Walsh , Guang Yang
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