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The ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) has become a standard methodology for state estimation in high-dimensional systems, yet its various stochastic and deterministic formulations often appear conceptually disconnected. In this paper, a unified…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-21 Jin Won Kim

Accurate modeling and prediction of complex physical systems often rely on data assimilation techniques to correct errors inherent in model simulations. Traditional methods like the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) and its variants as well as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-12 Phillip Si , Peng Chen

The ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) is widely used for data assimilation in high-dimensional systems, but its performance often deteriorates for strongly nonlinear dynamics due to the structural mismatch between the Kalman update and the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Xin T. Tong , Yanyan Wang , Liang Yan

The Ensemble Kalman filter assumes the observations to be Gaussian random variables with a pre-specified mean and variance. In practice, observations may also have detection limits, for instance when a gauge has a minimum or maximum value.…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-11-14 Abhishek Shah , Mohamad El Gharamti , Laurent Bertino

The Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) has achieved great successes in data assimilation in atmospheric and oceanic sciences, but its failure in convergence to the right filtering distribution precludes its use for uncertainty quantification. We…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-05-13 Peiyi Zhang , Qifan Song , Faming Liang

We propose a Dynamical Low-Rank Ensemble Kalman Filter (DLR-ENKF) for efficient joint state-parameter estimation in high-dimensional dynamical systems. The method extends the DLR-ENKF formulation of arXiv:2509.11210 to the augmented…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-02-09 Fabio Nobile , Sébastien Riffaud , Thomas Trigo Trindade

The high dimensionality and computational constraints associated with filtering problems in large-scale geophysical applications are particularly challenging for the Particle Filter (PF). Approximate but efficient methods such as the…

Computation · Statistics 2016-12-23 Sylvain Robert , Hans R. Künsch

In this work, we study the emergence of sparsity and multiway structures in second-order statistical characterizations of dynamical processes governed by partial differential equations (PDEs). We consider several state-of-the-art multiway…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-12-09 Yu Wang , Alfred Hero

Ensemble data assimilation methods such as the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) are a key component of probabilistic weather forecasting. They represent the uncertainty in the initial conditions by an ensemble which incorporates information…

Applications · Statistics 2018-10-17 Sylvain Robert , Daniel Leuenberger , Hans R. Künsch

The ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) is a Monte Carlo based implementation of the Kalman filter (KF) for extremely high-dimensional, possibly nonlinear and non-Gaussian state estimation problems. Its ability to handle state dimensions in the…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-02-12 Michael Roth , Gustaf Hendeby , Carsten Fritsche , Fredrik Gustafsson

We study the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) algorithm for sequential data assimilation in a general situation, that is, for nonlinear forecast and measurement models with non-additive and non-Gaussian noises. Such applications traditionally…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-08-17 Weixuan Li , W. Steven Rosenthal , Guang Lin

We present a practical implementation of the ensemble Kalman (EnKF) filter based on an iterative Sherman-Morrison formula. The new direct method exploits the special structure of the ensemble-estimated error covariance matrices in order to…

Numerical Analysis · Computer Science 2015-02-03 Elias D. Nino-Ruiz , Adrian Sandu , Jeffrey Anderson

This paper investigates an approximation scheme of the optimal nonlinear Bayesian filter based on the Gaussian mixture representation of the state probability distribution function. The resulting filter is similar to the particle filter,…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2015-05-30 Ibrahim Hoteit , Xiaodong Luo , Dinh-Tuan Pham

This work introduces a new, distributed implementation of the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) that allows for non-sequential assimilation of large datasets in high-dimensional problems. The traditional EnKF algorithm is computationally…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-11-23 Cédric Travelletti , Jörg Franke , David Ginsbourger , Stefan Brönnimann

We propose a new algorithm for an adaptive optics system control law which allows to reduce the computational burden in the case of an Extremely Large Telescope (ELT) and to deal with non-stationary behaviors of the turbulence. This…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-17 Morgan Gray , Cyril Petit , Sergey Rodionov , Laurent Bertino , Marc Bocquet , Thierry Fusco

The ensemble Kalman filter is a well-known and celebrated data assimilation algorithm. It is of particular relevance as it used for high-dimensional problems, by updating an ensemble of particles through a sample mean and covariance…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2022-07-27 Neil K. Chada

The ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) is a reliable data assimilation tool for high-dimensional meteorological problems. On the other hand, the EnKF can be interpreted as a particle filter, and particle filters collapse in high-dimensional…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2016-06-01 Matthias Morzfeld , Daniel Hodyss , Chris Snyder

The ensemble random forest filter (ERFF) is presented as an alternative to the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) for the purpose of inverse modeling. The EnKF is a data assimilation approach that forecasts and updates parameter estimates…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-11 Vanessa A. Godoy , Gian F. Napa-García , J. Jaime Gómez-Hernández

The ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) is widely used for nonlinear and high-dimensional state estimation because it replaces complex covariance propagation with simple ensemble statistics. However, conventional EnKF implementations can become…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-21 Shida Jiang , Shengyu Tao , Zihe Liu , Scott Moura

The Ensemble Kalman Filters (EnKF) employ a Monte-Carlo approach to represent covariance information, and are affected by sampling errors in operational settings where the number of model realizations is much smaller than the model state…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-06-06 Andrey A Popov , Adrian Sandu , Elias D. Nino-Ruiz , Geir Evensen