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Diagnostic reasoning is a key component of many professions. To improve students' diagnostic reasoning skills, educational psychologists analyse and give feedback on epistemic activities used by these students while diagnosing, in…

The score function estimator is widely used for estimating gradients of stochastic objectives in stochastic computation graphs (SCG), eg, in reinforcement learning and meta-learning. While deriving the first-order gradient estimators by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-11-07 Jakob Foerster , Gregory Farquhar , Maruan Al-Shedivat , Tim Rocktäschel , Eric P. Xing , Shimon Whiteson

We consider quantile estimation in a semi-supervised setting, characterized by two available data sets: (i) a small or moderate sized labeled data set containing observations for a response and a set of possibly high dimensional covariates,…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-08-15 Abhishek Chakrabortty , Guorong Dai , Raymond J. Carroll

Deep learning has shown promise in decoding brain signals, such as electroencephalogram (EEG), in the field of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). However, the non-stationary characteristics of EEG signals pose challenges for training neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-16 Byeong-Hoo Lee , Byoung-Hee Kwon , Seong-Whan Lee

Although deep learning are commonly employed for image recognition, usually huge amount of labeled training data is required, which may not always be readily available. This leads to a noticeable performance disparity when compared to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-02-08 Enoch Solomon , Abraham Woubie , Eyael Solomon Emiru

Recent success of deep learning models for the task of extractive Question Answering (QA) is hinged on the availability of large annotated corpora. However, large domain specific annotated corpora are limited and expensive to construct. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-04-04 Bhuwan Dhingra , Danish Pruthi , Dheeraj Rajagopal

Most existing approaches to disfluency detection heavily rely on human-annotated corpora, which is expensive to obtain in practice. There have been several proposals to alleviate this issue with, for instance, self-supervised learning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-30 Shaolei Wang , Zhongyuan Wang , Wanxiang Che , Ting Liu

Traditional cognitive bias measurement tools are limited by narrow bias coverage, low ecological validity, and reliance on abstract self reports, constraining scenario based and human AI comparisons. We introduce the context based Cognitive…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Chengrui Zhou

Open-ended grading is central to equitable and personalized education, yet manual grading remains time-consuming and costly, underscoring the need for automated grading systems. Although recent neural and large language model (LLM) based…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Chengshuai Zhao , Fan Zhang , Kumar Satvik Chaudhary , Yiwen Li , Lo Pang-Yun Ting , Ying-Chih Chen , Huan Liu

Pre-trained language models have achieved noticeable performance on the intent detection task. However, due to assigning an identical weight to each sample, they suffer from the overfitting of simple samples and the failure to learn complex…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-08-25 Yantao Gong , Cao Liu , Jiazhen Yuan , Fan Yang , Xunliang Cai , Guanglu Wan , Jiansong Chen , Ruiyao Niu , Houfeng Wang

Development of an accurate, flexible, and numerically efficient uncertainty quantification (UQ) method is one of fundamental challenges in machine learning. Previously, a UQ method called DISCO Nets has been proposed (Bouchacourt et al.,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-06 Takuya Kanazawa , Chetan Gupta

Mental stress has become a pervasive factor affecting cognitive health and overall well-being, necessitating the development of robust, non-invasive diagnostic tools. Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals provide a direct window into neural…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-16 Md Mynoddin , Troyee Dev , Rishita Chakma

Building extraction $-$ needed for inventory management and planning of urban environment $-$ is affected by the misalignment between labels and off-nadir source imagery in training data. Teacher-Student learning of noise-tolerant…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Bipul Neupane , Jagannath Aryal , Abbas Rajabifard

Convolutional neural networks (CNN) have been extensively used for inverse problems. However, their prediction error for unseen test data is difficult to estimate a priori since the neural networks are trained using only selected data and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-06-19 Eunju Cha , Jaeduck Jang , Junho Lee , Eunha Lee , Jong Chul Ye

Automated essay scoring (AES) has advanced significantly with neural language models, yet most systems remain opaque, offering little visibility into how grades are produced. In educational settings, instructors must be able to understand,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Kumar Satvik Chaudhary , Chengshuai Zhao , Fan Zhang , Garima Agrawal , Yuli Deng , Huan Liu

While cognitive diagnosis (CD) effectively assesses students' knowledge mastery from structured test data, applying it to real-world teacher-student dialogues presents two fundamental challenges. Traditional CD models lack a suitable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Rui Jia , Yuang Wei , Ruijia Li , Yuan-Hao Jiang , Xinyu Xie , Yaomin Shen , Min Zhang , Bo Jiang

As large language models (LLMs) are increasingly integrated into educational tools, current evaluations on standardized tests predominantly focus on binary outcome accuracy. Instead, an effective AI tutor must exhibit faithful reasoning,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Luoxi Tang , Tharunya Sundar , Yuqiao Meng , Shuai Yang , Ankita Patra , Lakshmi Manohar Chippada , Jiqian Zhao , Yi Li , Weicheng Ma , Zhaohan Xi

The existing methods to calculate the Eigenvector Centrality(EC) tend to not be robust enough for determination of EC in low time complexity or not well-scalable for large networks, hence rendering them practically unreliable/…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2021-11-10 Appan Rakaraddi , Mahardhika Pratama

Now-a-days the amount of data stored in educational database increasing rapidly. These databases contain hidden information for improvement of students' performance. Educational data mining is used to study the data available in the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2012-03-20 Surjeet Kumar Yadav , Saurabh Pal

The demand for reliable AI systems has intensified the need for interpretable deep neural networks. Concept bottleneck models (CBMs) have gained attention as an effective approach by leveraging human-understandable concepts to enhance…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Sangwon Kim , Dasom Ahn , Byoung Chul Ko , In-su Jang , Kwang-Ju Kim