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Counterfactual reasoning -- the practice of asking ``what if'' by varying inputs and observing changes in model behavior -- has become central to interpretable and fair AI. This thesis develops frameworks that use counterfactuals to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Pushkar Shukla

There are now many explainable AI methods for understanding the decisions of a machine learning model. Among these are those based on counterfactual reasoning, which involve simulating features changes and observing the impact on the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-15 Vincent Lemaire , Nathan Le Boudec , Victor Guyomard , Françoise Fessant

Machine learning algorithms in socially sensitive domains (e.g., credit decisions) often focus on equalizing predictive outcomes. However, satisfying these metrics does not guarantee that models use the same reasoning for different groups.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Gideon Popoola , John Sheppard

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) aims to provide transparent insights into machine learning models, yet the reliability of many feature attribution methods remains a critical challenge. Prior research (Haufe et al., 2014; Wilming…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Benedict Clark , Stoyan Karastoyanov , Rick Wilming , Stefan Haufe

Counterfactual explanations are one of the most popular methods to make predictions of black box machine learning models interpretable by providing explanations in the form of `what-if scenarios'. Most current approaches optimize a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-10-16 Susanne Dandl , Christoph Molnar , Martin Binder , Bernd Bischl

Decision explanations of machine learning black-box models are often generated by applying Explainable AI (XAI) techniques. However, many proposed XAI methods produce unverified outputs. Evaluation and verification are usually achieved with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-09 Udo Schlegel , Daniela Oelke , Daniel A. Keim , Mennatallah El-Assady

In many applications, it is important to be able to explain the decisions of machine learning systems. An increasingly popular approach has been to seek to provide \emph{counterfactual instance explanations}. These specify close possible…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-09-22 Adam White , Artur d'Avila Garcez

Counterfactual instances are a powerful tool to obtain valuable insights into automated decision processes, describing the necessary minimal changes in the input space to alter the prediction towards a desired target. Most previous…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-07 Robert-Florian Samoilescu , Arnaud Van Looveren , Janis Klaise

A main drawback of eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) approaches is the feature independence assumption, hindering the study of potential variable dependencies. This leads to approximating black box behaviors by analyzing the effects…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Martina Cinquini , Riccardo Guidotti

Black-box machine learning models are being used in more and more high-stakes domains, which creates a growing need for Explainable AI (XAI). Unfortunately, the use of XAI in machine learning introduces new privacy risks, which currently…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-24 Sofie Goethals , Kenneth Sörensen , David Martens

To this day, a variety of approaches for providing local interpretability of black-box machine learning models have been introduced. Unfortunately, all of these methods suffer from one or more of the following deficiencies: They are either…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-08 Yiran Huang , Nicole Schaal , Michael Hefenbrock , Yexu Zhou , Till Riedel , Likun Fang , Michael Beigl

Deep Learning has become a very valuable tool in different fields, and no one doubts the learning capacity of these models. Nevertheless, since Deep Learning models are often seen as black boxes due to their lack of interpretability, there…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-23 Jokin Labaien , Ekhi Zugasti , Xabier De Carlos

Although modern machine learning and deep learning methods allow for complex and in-depth data analytics, the predictive models generated by these methods are often highly complex, and lack transparency. Explainable AI (XAI) methods are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-17 Mythreyi Velmurugan , Chun Ouyang , Catarina Moreira , Renuka Sindhgatta

This paper reports two experiments (N=349) on the impact of post hoc explanations by example and error rates on peoples perceptions of a black box classifier. Both experiments show that when people are given case based explanations, from an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-15 Courtney Ford , Eoin M. Kenny , Mark T. Keane

Current AI regulations require discarding sensitive features (e.g., gender, race, religion) in the algorithm's decision-making process to prevent unfair outcomes. However, even without sensitive features in the training set, algorithms can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-29 Giandomenico Cornacchia , Vito Walter Anelli , Fedelucio Narducci , Azzurra Ragone , Eugenio Di Sciascio

Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are frequently and successfully used in medical prediction tasks. They are often used in combination with transfer learning, leading to improved performance when training data for the task are scarce.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Marta Oliveira , Rick Wilming , Benedict Clark , Céline Budding , Fabian Eitel , Kerstin Ritter , Stefan Haufe

Machine learning plays a role in many deployed decision systems, often in ways that are difficult or impossible to understand by human stakeholders. Explaining, in a human-understandable way, the relationship between the input and output of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-17 Sahil Verma , Varich Boonsanong , Minh Hoang , Keegan E. Hines , John P. Dickerson , Chirag Shah

Fairness-aware machine learning has attracted a surge of attention in many domains, such as online advertising, personalized recommendation, and social media analysis in web applications. Fairness-aware machine learning aims to eliminate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-18 Jing Ma , Ruocheng Guo , Aidong Zhang , Jundong Li

Machine learning models in safety-critical settings like healthcare are often blackboxes: they contain a large number of parameters which are not transparent to users. Post-hoc explainability methods where a simple, human-interpretable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-03 Aparna Balagopalan , Haoran Zhang , Kimia Hamidieh , Thomas Hartvigsen , Frank Rudzicz , Marzyeh Ghassemi

Counterfactual explanations can be used to interpret and debug text classifiers by producing minimally altered text inputs that change a classifier's output. In this work, we evaluate five methods for generating counterfactual explanations…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-06 Stephen McAleese , Mark Keane