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Researchers are often challenged with assessing the impact of an intervention on an outcome of interest in situations where the intervention is non-randomised, the intervention is only applied to one or few units, the intervention is…

This paper proposes a novel approach for estimating treatment effects in panel data settings, addressing key limitations of the standard difference-in-differences (DID) approach. The standard approach relies on the parallel trends…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-01-14 Shoya Ishimaru

Randomized controlled trials are the standard method for estimating causal effects, ensuring sufficient statistical power and confidence through adequate sample sizes. However, achieving such sample sizes is often challenging. This study…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-03-28 Keisuke Hanada , Masahiro Kojima

In causal inference, the correct formulation of the scientific question of interest is a crucial step. Here we apply the estimand framework to a comparison of the outcomes of patient-level clinical trials and observational data to help…

A new matching method is proposed for the estimation of the average treatment effect of social policy interventions (e.g., training programs or health care measures). Given an outcome variable, a treatment and a set of pre-treatment…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2007-06-13 Stefano Iacus , Giuseppe Porro

When designing and evaluating an experiment or observational study, it is useful to have a realistic hypothesis regarding the average treatment effect. We present an approach to conceptualizing this average by first considering a…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-10 Andrew Gelman , Amy Krefman , Lauren Kennedy , Jessica Hullman

Methods that infer causal dependence from observational data are central to many areas of science, including medicine, economics, and the social sciences. A variety of theoretical properties of these methods have been proven, but empirical…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-07-08 Amanda Gentzel , Purva Pruthi , David Jensen

We consider the problem of combining data from observational and experimental sources to make causal conclusions. This problem is increasingly relevant, as the modern era has yielded passive collection of massive observational datasets in…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-05-19 Evan Rosenman , Guillaume Basse , Art Owen , Michael Baiocchi

This paper studies settings where the analyst is interested in identifying and estimating the average \emph{direct} causal effect of a binary treatment on an outcome. We consider a setup in which the outcome realization does not get…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-08-01 Federico A. Bugni , Ivan A. Canay , Steve McBride

Randomized experiments in which the treatment of a unit can affect the outcomes of other units are becoming increasingly common in healthcare, economics, and in the social and information sciences. From a causal inference perspective, the…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-02-14 Daniel L. Sussman , Edoardo M. Airoldi

Evaluating treatment effects is critical in clinical trials but sometimes involves lengthy, invasive, or costly follow-up procedures. In these cases, surrogate markers, which provide intermediate measures of the long-term treatment effect,…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-24 Sarah C. Lotspeich , P. D. Anh. Nguyen , Layla Parast

Randomized controlled trials often enroll participants whose characteristics differ from those of a target population, which can limit the generalizability of the estimated treatment effects when effect modifiers differ across populations.…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-15 Lan Wen , Issa J. Dahabreh , Yu-Han Chiu

Many interventions are both beneficial to initiate and harmful to stop. Traditionally, to determine whether to deploy that intervention in a time-limited way depends on if, on average, the increase in the benefits of starting it outweigh…

We are interested in the estimation of average treatment effects based on right-censored data of an observational study. We focus on causal inference of differences between t-year absolute event risks in a situation with competing risks. We…

We present current methods for estimating treatment effects and spillover effects under "interference", a term which covers a broad class of situations in which a unit's outcome depends not only on treatments received by that unit, but also…

Applications · Statistics 2020-01-16 Peter M. Aronow , Dean Eckles , Cyrus Samii , Stephanie Zonszein

Observational cohort studies are increasingly being used for comparative effectiveness research to assess the safety of therapeutics. Recently, various doubly robust methods have been proposed for average treatment effect estimation by…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-03-11 Xiaoqing Tan , Shu Yang , Wenyu Ye , Douglas E. Faries , Ilya Lipkovich , Zbigniew Kadziola

Undertaking causal inference with observational data is incredibly useful across a wide range of tasks including the development of medical treatments, advertisements and marketing, and policy making. There are two significant challenges…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-01-19 Matthew James Vowels , Necati Cihan Camgoz , Richard Bowden

Instrumental variables (IVs) are widely used for estimating causal effects in the presence of unmeasured confounding. Under the standard IV model, however, the average treatment effect (ATE) is only partially identifiable. To address this,…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-01-08 Linbo Wang , Eric Tchetgen Tchetgen

Functional data analysis is an important area in modern statistics and has been successfully applied in many fields. Although many scientific studies aim to find causations, a predominant majority of functional data analysis approaches can…

Applications · Statistics 2020-07-13 Rui Miao , Wu Xue , Xiaoke Zhang

In this paper we review recent advances in statistical methods for the evaluation of the heterogeneity of treatment effects (HTE), including subgroup identification and estimation of individualized treatment regimens, from randomized…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-10-22 Ilya Lipkovich , David Svensson , Bohdana Ratitch , Alex Dmitrienko
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