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We consider mean field games with discrete state spaces (called discrete mean field games in the following) and we analyze these games in continuous and discrete time, over finite as well as infinite time horizons. We prove the existence of…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-09-04 Josu Doncel , Nicolas Gast , Bruno Gaujal

In this paper we consider symmetric games where a large number of players can be in any one of d states. We derive a limiting mean field model and characterize its main properties. This mean field limit is a system of coupled ordinary…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2015-09-23 Diogo A. Gomes , Joana Mohr , Rafael R. Souza

Multi-agent reinforcement learning, despite its popularity and empirical success, faces significant scalability challenges in large-population dynamic games. Graphon mean field games (GMFGs) offer a principled framework for approximating…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-06-09 Philipp Plank , Yufei Zhang

Mean-field game theory relies on approximating games that are intractable to model due to a very large to infinite population of players. While these kinds of games can be solved analytically via the associated system of partial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Anna C. M. Thöni , Yoram Bachrach , Tal Kachman

Potential games and decentralised partially observable MDPs (Dec-POMDPs) are two commonly used models of multi-agent interaction, for static optimisation and sequential decisionmaking settings, respectively. In this paper we introduce…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2012-02-20 Archie C. Chapman , Simon A. Williamson , Nicholas R. Jennings

Stochastic differential games have been used extensively to model agents' competitions in Finance, for instance, in P2P lending platforms from the Fintech industry, the banking system for systemic risk, and insurance markets. The recently…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-03-23 Jiequn Han , Ruimeng Hu , Jihao Long

We introduce a model of anonymous games with the player dependent action sets. We propose several learning procedures based on the well-known Fictitious Play and Online Mirror Descent and prove their convergence to equilibrium under the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-04-04 Saeed Hadikhanloo

We examine the long-run behavior of a wide range of dynamics for learning in nonatomic games, in both discrete and continuous time. The class of dynamics under consideration includes fictitious play and its regularized variants, the…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2021-07-06 Saeed Hadikhanloo , Rida Laraki , Panayotis Mertikopoulos , Sylvain Sorin

We study a class of deterministic mean field games on finite and infinite time horizons arising in models of optimal exploitation of exhaustible resources. The main characteristic of our game is an absorption constraint on the players'…

General Economics · Economics 2021-04-14 Paulwin Graewe , Ulrich Horst , Ronnie Sircar

We study mean field games and corresponding $N$-player games in continuous time over a finite time horizon where the position of each agent belongs to a finite state space. As opposed to previous works on finite state mean field games, we…

Probability · Mathematics 2018-02-01 Alekos Cecchin , Markus Fischer

We study the performance of Fictitious Play, when used as a heuristic for finding an approximate Nash equilibrium of a 2-player game. We exhibit a class of 2-player games having payoffs in the range [0,1] that show that Fictitious Play…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2011-03-22 Paul W. Goldberg , Rahul Savani , Troels Bjerre Sorensen , Carmine Ventre

We consider a mean field game describing the limit of a stochastic differential game of $N$-players whose state dynamics are subject to idiosyncratic and common noise and that can be absorbed when they hit a prescribed region of the state…

Probability · Mathematics 2022-05-25 Matteo Burzoni , Luciano Campi

We formulate a mean field game where each player stops a privately observed Brownian motion with absorption. Players are ranked according to their level of stopping and rewarded as a function of their relative rank. There is a unique mean…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-03-09 Marcel Nutz , Yuchong Zhang

We study two-player security games which can be viewed as sequences of nonzero-sum matrix games played by an Attacker and a Defender. The evolution of the game is based on a stochastic fictitious play process, where players do not have…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2016-11-17 Kien C. Nguyen , Tansu Alpcan , Tamer Başar

We construct a semi-Lagrangian scheme for first-order, time-dependent, and non-local Mean Field Games. The convergence of the scheme to a weak solution of the system is analyzed by exploiting a key monotonicity property. To solve the…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-05-12 Elisabetta Carlini , Valentina Coscetti

The paper studies the highly prototypical Fictitious Play (FP) algorithm, as well as a broad class of learning processes based on best-response dynamics, that we refer to as FP-type algorithms. A well-known shortcoming of FP is that, while…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2015-04-21 Brian Swenson , Soummya Kar , Joao Xavier

We study mean-field games of optimal stopping (OS-MFGs) and introduce an entropy-regularized framework to enable learning-based solution methods. By utilizing randomized stopping times, we reformulate the OS-MFG as a mean-field game of…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-09-24 Jodi Dianetti , Roxana Dumitrescu , Giorgio Ferrari , Renyuan Xu

Fictitious play is a simple and widely studied adaptive heuristic for playing repeated games. It is well known that fictitious play fails to be Hannan consistent. Several variants of fictitious play including regret matching, generalized…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2017-04-12 Zifan Li , Ambuj Tewari

We establish the convergence of the deep actor-critic reinforcement learning algorithm presented in [Angiuli et al., 2023a] in the setting of continuous state and action spaces with an infinite discrete-time horizon. This algorithm provides…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-11-11 Jean-Pierre Fouque , Mathieu Laurière , Mengrui Zhang

We develop a probabilistic approach to continuous-time finite state mean field games. Based on an alternative description of continuous-time Markov chain by means of semimartingale and the weak formulation of stochastic optimal control, our…

Probability · Mathematics 2018-08-24 Rene Carmona , Peiqi Wang