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The astrophysical stochastic gravitational wave background (SGWB) originates from numerous faint sub-threshold gravitational wave (GW) signals arising from the coalescing binary compact objects. This background is expected to be discovered…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-03-05 Ramit Dey , Luís Felipe Longo Micchi , Suvodip Mukherjee , Niayesh Afshordi

With periods much longer than the duration of current pulsar timing surveys, gravitational waves in the picohertz (pHz) regime are not detectable in the typical analysis framework for pulsar timing data. However, signatures of these…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2026-02-09 Qinyuan Zheng , Chiara M. F. Mingarelli , William DeRocco , Jonathan Nay , Kimberly K. Boddy , Jeff A. Dror

Precision pulsar timing at the level of tens to hundreds of nanoseconds allows detection of nanohertz gravitational waves (GWs) from supermassive binary black holes (SMBBHs) at the cores of merging galaxies and, potentially, from exotic…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2019-03-25 J. M. Cordes , M. A. McLaughlin

Understanding and dealing with inference biases in gravitational-wave (GW) parameter estimation when a plethora of signals are present in the data is one of the key challenges for the analysis of data from future GW detectors. Working…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-08-25 Andrea Antonelli , Ollie Burke , Jonathan R. Gair

Pulsar-timing arrays (PTAs) are in the near future expected to detect a stochastic gravitational-wave background (SGWB) produced by a population of inspiralling super-massive black hole binaries. In this work, we consider a background that…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2022-07-20 Gabriela Sato-Polito , Marc Kamionkowski

In the gravitational-wave analysis of pulsar-timing-array datasets, parameter estimation is usually performed using Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods to explore posterior probability densities. We introduce an alternative procedure that…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-05-16 Michele Vallisneri , Marco Crisostomi , Aaron D. Johnson , Patrick M. Meyers

After large galaxies merge, their central supermassive black holes are expected to form binary systems whose orbital motion generates a gravitational wave background (GWB) at nanohertz frequencies. Searches for this background utilize…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2022-04-12 M. Ajello , W. B. Atwood , L. Baldini , J. Ballet , G. Barbiellini , D. Bastieri , R. Bellazzini , A. Berretta , B. Bhattacharyya , E. Bissaldi , R. D. Blandford , E. Bloom , R. Bonino , P. Bruel , R. Buehler , E. Burns , S. Buson , R. A. Cameron , P. A. Caraveo , E. Cavazzuti , N. Cibrario , S. Ciprini , C. J. Clark , I. Cognard , J. Coronado-Blázquez , M. Crnogorcevic , H. Cromartie , K. Crowter , S. Cutini , F. D'Ammando , S. D. Gaetano , F. d. Palma , S. W. Digel , N. D. Lalla , F. Fan. Dirirsa , L. D. Venere , A. Domínguez , E. C. Ferrara , A. Fiori , A. Franckowiak , Y. Fukazawa , S. Funk , P. Fusco , V. Gammaldi , F. Gargano , D. Gasparrini , N. Giglietto , F. Giordano , M. Giroletti , D. Green , I. A. Grenier , L. Guillemot , S. Guiriec , M. Gustafsson , A. K. Harding , E. Hays , J. W. Hewitt , D. Horan , X. Hou , G. Jóhannesson , M. J. Keith , M. Kerr , M. Kramer , M. Kuss , S. Larsson , L. Latronico , J. Li , F. Longo , F. Loparco , M. N. Lovellette , P. Lubrano , S. Maldera , A. Manfreda , G. Martí-Devesa , M. N. Mazziotta , I. Mereu , P. F. Michelson , N. Mirabal , W. Mitthumsiri , T. Mizuno , M. E. Monzani , A. Morselli , M. Negro , L. Nieder , R. Ojha , N. Omodei , M. Orienti , E. Orlando , J. F. Ormes , D. Paneque , A. Parthasarathy , Z. Pei , M. Persic , M. Pesce-Rollins , R. Pillera , H. Poon , T. A. Porter , G. Principe , J. L. Racusin , S. Rainò , R. Rando , B. Rani , S. M. Ransom , P. S. Ray , M. Razzano , S. Razzaque , A. Reimer , O. Reimer , J. Roy , M. Sánchez-Conde , P. M. Sa. Parkinson , J. Scargle , L. Scotton , D. Serini , C. Sgrò , E. J. Siskind , D. A. Smith , G. Spandre , R. Spiewak , P. Spinelli , I. Stairs , D. J. Suson , S. J. Swihart , S. Tabassum , J. B. Thayer , G. Theureau , D. F. Torres , E. Troja , J. Valverde , Z. Wadiasingh , K. Wood , G. Zaharijas

A pulsar timing array is a Galactic-scale detector of nanohertz gravitational waves (GWs). Its target signals contain two components: the `Earth term' and the `pulsar term' corresponding to GWs incident on the Earth and pulsar respectively.…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2016-07-06 Xingjiang Zhu , Linqing Wen , Jie Xiong , Yanjun Xu , Yan Wang , Soumya D. Mohanty , George Hobbs , Richard N. Manchester

We present a new method and implementation to obtain Bayesian posteriors on the amplitude parameters $\{h_0, \cos \iota, \psi, \phi_0\}$ of continuous-gravitational waves emitted by known pulsars. This approach leverages the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-05-03 A. Ashok , P. B. Covas , R. Prix , M. A. Papa

Pulsar Timing Array (PTA) experiments have entered a new era with evidence for a nanoHertz gravitational wave background (GWB). This review describes the physics of detection, detailing the noise models and cross-correlation techniques…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2026-04-01 C. M. F. Mingarelli , J. A. Casey-Clyde , Y. T. Chang , E. Eisenberg , F. Hutchison , N. Khusid , B. Larsen , A. Moran , F. Semenzato , L. Willson , Q. Zheng

Understanding the properties of transient gravitational waves and their sources is of broad interest in physics and astronomy. Bayesian inference is the standard framework for astro-physical measurement in transient gravitational-wave…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2020-10-07 Rory Smith , Gregory Ashton , Avi Vajpeyi , Colm Talbot

Pulsar Timing Arrays (PTAs) have recently found strong evidence for low-frequency gravitational waves (GWs) in the nanohertz frequency regime. As GWs pass, they produce deviations in measured lengths and light-travel times. PTA experiments…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-05-05 Luke Zoltan Kelley

With evidence for a nanohertz gravitational-wave background now established by Pulsar Timing Arrays, the search focuses on identifying individual supermassive black hole binaries. We show that these binaries produce a distinct spatial…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2026-03-09 Chiara M. F. Mingarelli , Bjorn Larsen , Ellis Eisenberg , Qinyuan Zheng , Forrest Hutchison

Pulsar timing experiments are reaching sufficient sensitivity to detect a postulated stochastic gravitational wave background generated by merging supermassive black hole systems in the cores of galaxies. We describe the techniques behind…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-06-23 G. Hobbs

The direct detection of Gravitational Waves (GWs) by Pulsar Timing Arrays (PTAs) is very likely within the next decade. While the stochastic GW background is a promising candidate for detection it is also possible that single resolvable…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-15 Justin Ellis

Bayesian methods for the detection of continuous gravitational waves (CGWs) in Pulsar Timing Array (PTA) data incur substantial computational costs that grow rapidly due to the number of noise and signal parameters characterizing the fitted…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2026-04-10 Yi-Qian Qian , Yan Wang , Soumya D. Mohanty , Siyuan Chen

The power-law parametrization for the energy density spectrum of gravitational wave (GW) background is a useful tool to study its physics and origin. While scalar induced secondary gravitational waves (SIGWs) from some particular models fit…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-11-17 Zhu Yi , Qing Gao , Yungui Gong , Yue Wang , Fengge Zhang

Gravitational waves are predicted by Einstein's theory of general relativity as well as other theories of gravity. The rotational stability of the fastest pulsars means that timing of an array of these objects can be used to detect and…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-28 J. Ellis , M. A. McLaughlin , J. P. W. Verbiest

Supermassive black hole binaries are one of the primary targets for gravitational wave searches using pulsar timing arrays. Gravitational wave signals from such systems are well represented by parametrized models, allowing the standard…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2016-01-25 Yan Wang , Soumya D. Mohanty , Fredrick A. Jenet

The detection of a stochastic background of low-frequency gravitational waves by pulsar-timing and astrometric surveys will enable tests of gravitational theories beyond general relativity. These theories generally permit gravitational…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-01-26 Wenzer Qin , Kimberly K. Boddy , Marc Kamionkowski