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Activation functions play a crucial role in neural networks because they are the nonlinearities which have been attributed to the success story of deep learning. One of the currently most popular activation functions is ReLU, but several…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-01-10 Steffen Eger , Paul Youssef , Iryna Gurevych

Rectified linear units (ReLU) are commonly used in deep neural networks. So far ReLU and its generalizations (non-parametric or parametric) are static, performing identically for all input samples. In this paper, we propose dynamic ReLU…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-08-06 Yinpeng Chen , Xiyang Dai , Mengchen Liu , Dongdong Chen , Lu Yuan , Zicheng Liu

Rectified linear units (ReLU) are well-known to be helpful in obtaining faster convergence and thus higher performance for many deep-learning-based applications. However, networks with ReLU tend to perform poorly when the number of filter…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-12-14 Jae-Seok Choi , Munchurl Kim

Recommendation systems play an important role in today's digital world. They have found applications in various applications such as music platforms, e.g., Spotify, and movie streaming services, e.g., Netflix. Less research effort has been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-05 Arash Mahyari , Peter Pirolli , Jacqueline A. LeBlanc

Recommender systems (RS) greatly influence users' consumption decisions, making them attractive targets for malicious shilling attacks that inject fake user profiles to manipulate recommendations. Existing shilling methods can generate…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Yuanrong Wang , Yingpeng Du

We analyze the soft committee machine with Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU) activation by means of the replica method. In a realizable teacher--student setting, we compute the quenched free energy within a replica-symmetric ansatz and obtain…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2026-03-23 Assem Afanah , Bernd Rosenow

The fast development of Large Language Models (LLMs) offers growing opportunities to further improve sequential recommendation systems. Yet for some practitioners, integrating LLMs to their existing base recommendation systems raises…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-04-17 Nanshan Jia , Chenfei Yuan , Yuhang Wu , Zeyu Zheng

Neural networks with REctified Linear Unit (ReLU) activation functions (a.k.a. ReLU networks) have achieved great empirical success in various domains. Nonetheless, existing results for learning ReLU networks either pose assumptions on the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-05-01 Gang Wang , Georgios B. Giannakis , Jie Chen

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have garnered significant attention in various fields of science and technology in recent years. Activation functions define how neurons in DNNs process incoming signals for them. They are essential for learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-31 Jianfei Li , Han Feng , Ding-Xuan Zhou

Recently, neural networks have been widely applied in the power system area. They can be used for better predicting input information and modeling system performance with increased accuracy. In some applications such as battery degradation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Cunzhi Zhao , Fan Jiang , Xingpeng Li

Activation functions in neural networks are typically selected from a set of empirically validated, commonly used static functions such as ReLU, tanh, or sigmoid. However, by optimizing the shapes of a network's activation functions, we can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-24 William H Patty

An appropriate choice of the activation function (like ReLU, sigmoid or swish) plays an important role in the performance of (deep) multilayer perceptrons (MLP) for classification and regression learning. Prototype-based classification…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-01-21 Thomas Villmann , John Ravichandran , Andrea Villmann , David Nebel , Marika Kaden

We study layered neural networks of rectified linear units (ReLU) in a modelling framework for stochastic training processes. The comparison with sigmoidal activation functions is in the center of interest. We compute typical learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-13 Elisa Oostwal , Michiel Straat , Michael Biehl

Effective activation functions introduce non-linear transformations, providing neural networks with stronger fitting capa-bilities, which help them better adapt to real data distributions. Huawei Noah's Lab believes that dynamic activation…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-16 Chuan Feng , Xi Lin , Shiping Zhu , Hongkang Shi , Maojie Tang , Hua Huang

Recommendation systems usually involve exploiting the relations among known features and content that describe items (content-based filtering) or the overlap of similar users who interacted with or rated the target item (collaborative…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-07-06 Shuo Yang , Mohammed Korayem , Khalifeh AlJadda , Trey Grainger , Sriraam Natarajan

Large Language Models (LLMs) pose a new paradigm of modeling and computation for information tasks. Recommendation systems are a critical application domain poised to benefit significantly from the sequence modeling capabilities and world…

Deep neural networks have recently achieved state-of-the-art results in many machine learning problems, e.g., speech recognition or object recognition. Hitherto, work on rectified linear units (ReLU) provides empirical and theoretical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-05-12 Jakub Mikolaj Tomczak

Deep neural networks (DNNs) generate much richer function spaces than shallow networks. Since the function spaces induced by shallow networks have several approximation theoretic drawbacks, this explains, however, not necessarily the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-09-25 Konstantin Eckle , Johannes Schmidt-Hieber

Activation functions are fundamental for enabling nonlinear representations in deep neural networks. However, the standard rectified linear unit (ReLU) often suffers from inactive or "dead" neurons caused by its hard zero cutoff. To address…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Md Motaleb Hossen Manik , Md Zabirul Islam , Ge Wang

This paper aims to understand the training solution, which is obtained by the back-propagation algorithm, of two-layer neural networks whose hidden layer is composed of the units with smooth activation functions, including the usual sigmoid…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Changcun Huang