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Scaling laws are a critical component of the LLM development pipeline, most famously as a way to forecast training decisions such as 'compute-optimally' trading-off parameter count and dataset size, alongside a more recent growing list of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Nicholas Roberts , Niladri Chatterji , Sharan Narang , Mike Lewis , Dieuwke Hupkes

While protein language models (pLMs) have transformed biological research, the scaling laws governing their improvement remain underexplored. By adapting methodologies from NLP scaling laws, we investigated the optimal ratio between model…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2024-06-27 Yaiza Serrano , Álvaro Ciudad , Alexis Molina

We present an empirical study of scaling properties of encoder-decoder Transformer models used in neural machine translation (NMT). We show that cross-entropy loss as a function of model size follows a certain scaling law. Specifically (i)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-17 Behrooz Ghorbani , Orhan Firat , Markus Freitag , Ankur Bapna , Maxim Krikun , Xavier Garcia , Ciprian Chelba , Colin Cherry

Widely observed neural scaling laws, in which error falls off as a power of the training set size, model size, or both, have driven substantial performance improvements in deep learning. However, these improvements through scaling alone…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-25 Ben Sorscher , Robert Geirhos , Shashank Shekhar , Surya Ganguli , Ari S. Morcos

Neural scaling laws offer valuable insights for designing robust sequence processing architectures. While these laws have been extensively characterized in other modalities, their behavior in speech remains comparatively underexplored. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-17 William Chen , Jinchuan Tian , Yifan Peng , Brian Yan , Chao-Han Huck Yang , Shinji Watanabe

Low-precision training is critical for optimizing the trade-off between model quality and training costs, necessitating the joint allocation of model size, dataset size, and numerical precision. While empirical scaling laws suggest that…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-27 Dechen Zhang , Xuan Tang , Yingyu Liang , Difan Zou

Autonomous systems increasingly require moral judgment capabilities, yet whether these capabilities scale predictably with model size remains unexplored. We systematically evaluate 75 large language model configurations (0.27B--1000B…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Kazuhiro Takemoto

Rapid expansion of model size has emerged as a key challenge in time series forecasting. From early Transformer with tens of megabytes to recent architectures like TimesNet with thousands of megabytes, performance gains have often come at…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-16 Zeyan Li , Libing Chen , Yin Tang

Scaling laws are used to plan multi-million-dollar training runs, but fitting those laws can itself cost millions. In modern large-scale workflows, assembling a sufficiently informative set of pilot experiments is already a major…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Sijie Li , Shanda Li , Haowei Lin , Weiwei Sun , Ameet Talwalkar , Yiming Yang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as a milestone in artificial intelligence, and their performance can improve as the model size increases. However, this scaling brings great challenges to training and inference efficiency,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-09 Chaojun Xiao , Jie Cai , Weilin Zhao , Guoyang Zeng , Biyuan Lin , Jie Zhou , Zhi Zheng , Xu Han , Zhiyuan Liu , Maosong Sun

While the scaling laws of large language models (LLMs) training have been extensively studied, optimal inference configurations of LLMs remain underexplored. We study inference scaling laws (aka test-time scaling laws) and compute-optimal…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Yangzhen Wu , Zhiqing Sun , Shanda Li , Sean Welleck , Yiming Yang

There have been a lot of interest in the scaling properties of Transformer models. However, not much has been done on the front of investigating the effect of scaling properties of different inductive biases and model architectures. Do…

The population loss of trained deep neural networks often follows precise power-law scaling relations with either the size of the training dataset or the number of parameters in the network. We propose a theory that explains the origins of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-28 Yasaman Bahri , Ethan Dyer , Jared Kaplan , Jaehoon Lee , Utkarsh Sharma

Comprehensively understanding and accurately predicting the performance of large language models across diverse downstream tasks has emerged as a pivotal challenge in NLP research. The pioneering scaling law on downstream works demonstrated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-04 Qiyuan Zhang , Fuyuan Lyu , Xue Liu , Chen Ma

The prevailing paradigm in large language model (LLM) development is to pretrain a base model, then perform further training to improve performance and model behavior. However, hyperparameter optimization and scaling laws have been studied…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Tessa Han , Sebastian Bordt , Hanlin Zhang , Sham Kakade

Scaling laws describe how model performance grows with data, parameters and compute. While large datasets can usually be collected at relatively low cost in domains such as language or vision, scientific machine learning is often limited by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Paul Setinek , Gianluca Galletti , Johannes Brandstetter

Scaling laws, a defining feature of deep learning, reveal a striking power-law improvement in model performance with increasing dataset and model size. Yet, their mathematical origins, especially the scaling exponent, have remained elusive.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Yuda Bi , Vince D Calhoun

Work on scaling laws has found that large language models (LMs) show predictable improvements to overall loss with increased scale (model size, training data, and compute). Here, we present evidence for the claim that LMs may show inverse…

We inspect the deductive connection between the neural scaling law and Zipf's law -- two statements discussed in machine learning and quantitative linguistics. The neural scaling law describes how the cross entropy rate of a foundation…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Łukasz Dębowski

Chemical Language Models (CLMs) pre-trained on large scale molecular data are widely used for molecular property prediction. However, the common belief that increasing training resources such as model size, dataset size, and training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Tatsuya Sagawa , Ryosuke Kojima