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Recent work explored the capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) in Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis (ABSA) through few-shot prompting, requiring substantially fewer annotated examples while achieving notable improvements over zero-shot…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Nils Constantin Hellwig , Niklas Donhauser , Jakob Fehle , Udo Kruschwitz , Christian Wolff

Prompt-based pre-trained language models (PLMs) paradigm have succeeded substantially in few-shot natural language processing (NLP) tasks. However, prior discrete prompt optimization methods require expert knowledge to design the base…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Chengzhengxu Li , Xiaoming Liu , Yichen Wang , Duyi Li , Yu Lan , Chao Shen

Prompt tuning, or the conditioning of a frozen pretrained language model (PLM) with soft prompts learned from data, has demonstrated impressive performance on a wide range of NLP tasks. However, prompt tuning requires a large training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-24 Xu Guo , Boyang Li , Han Yu

Prompt-based methods have been used extensively across NLP to build zero- and few-shot label predictors. Many NLP tasks are naturally structured: that is, their outputs consist of multiple labels which constrain each other. Annotating data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Maitrey Mehta , Valentina Pyatkin , Vivek Srikumar

Recent studies have shown that Large Language Models (LLMs) can improve their reasoning performance through self-generated few-shot examples, achieving results comparable to manually curated in-context examples. However, the underlying…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Daehoon Gwak , Minseo Jung , Junwoo Park , Minho Park , ChaeHun Park , Junha Hyung , Jaegul Choo

Discrete prompts have been used for fine-tuning Pre-trained Language Models for diverse NLP tasks. In particular, automatic methods that generate discrete prompts from a small set of training instances have reported superior performance.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-14 Yoichi Ishibashi , Danushka Bollegala , Katsuhito Sudoh , Satoshi Nakamura

Pre-trained language models derive substantial linguistic and factual knowledge from the massive corpora on which they are trained, and prompt engineering seeks to align these models to specific tasks. Unfortunately, existing prompt…

Large pre-trained Vision-Language Models (VLMs) like CLIP, despite having remarkable generalization ability, are highly vulnerable to adversarial examples. This work studies the adversarial robustness of VLMs from the novel perspective of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Lin Li , Haoyan Guan , Jianing Qiu , Michael Spratling

Prompt engineering has emerged as an indispensable technique for extending the capabilities of large language models (LLMs) and vision-language models (VLMs). This approach leverages task-specific instructions, known as prompts, to enhance…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Pranab Sahoo , Ayush Kumar Singh , Sriparna Saha , Vinija Jain , Samrat Mondal , Aman Chadha

Prompt-based models have gathered a lot of attention from researchers due to their remarkable advancements in the fields of zero-shot and few-shot learning. Developing an effective prompt template plays a critical role. However, prior…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-01 Junyu Mao , Stuart E. Middleton , Mahesan Niranjan

Recent advances in large-scale vision and language models have led to significant progress in zero-shot learning tasks. Methods such as CoOp and CoCoOp have shown that replacing handcrafted prompts with learnable vectors, known as prompt…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-06 Gahyeon Kim , Sohee Kim , Seokju Lee

Offline reinforcement learning (RL) methods harness previous experiences to derive an optimal policy, forming the foundation for pre-trained large-scale models (PLMs). When encountering tasks not seen before, PLMs often utilize several…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Shengchao Hu , Wanru Zhao , Weixiong Lin , Li Shen , Ya Zhang , Dacheng Tao

Recent work has shown that language models (LMs) trained with multi-task \textit{instructional learning} (MTIL) can solve diverse NLP tasks in zero- and few-shot settings with improved performance compared to prompt tuning. MTIL illustrates…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-24 Budhaditya Deb , Guoqing Zheng , Ahmed Hassan Awadallah

This paper presents null-shot prompting. Null-shot prompting exploits hallucination in large language models (LLMs) by instructing LLMs to utilize information from the "Examples" section that never exists within the provided context to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Pittawat Taveekitworachai , Febri Abdullah , Ruck Thawonmas

Large pretrained vision-language models like CLIP have shown promising generalization capability, but may struggle in specialized domains (e.g., satellite imagery) or fine-grained classification (e.g., car models) where the visual concepts…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Chen Huang , Skyler Seto , Samira Abnar , David Grangier , Navdeep Jaitly , Josh Susskind

Vision-Language Navigation (VLN) is a challenging task that requires an embodied agent to perform action-level modality alignment, i.e., make instruction-asked actions sequentially in complex visual environments. Most existing VLN agents…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-06-01 Bingqian Lin , Yi Zhu , Zicong Chen , Xiwen Liang , Jianzhuang Liu , Xiaodan Liang

Prompt-based approaches are strong at few-shot learning. However, Perez et al. (2021) have recently cast doubt on their performance because they had difficulty getting good results in a "true" few-shot setting in which prompts and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-11-29 Timo Schick , Hinrich Schütze

Recent Active Learning (AL) approaches in Natural Language Processing (NLP) proposed using off-the-shelf pretrained language models (LMs). In this paper, we argue that these LMs are not adapted effectively to the downstream task during AL…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-03 Katerina Margatina , Loïc Barrault , Nikolaos Aletras

Instruction fine-tuning has recently emerged as a promising approach for improving the zero-shot capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) on new tasks. This technique has shown particular strength in improving the performance of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-13 Jiuding Sun , Chantal Shaib , Byron C. Wallace

Task generalization has been a long standing challenge in Natural Language Processing (NLP). Recent research attempts to improve the task generalization ability of pre-trained language models by mapping NLP tasks into human-readable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-08-08 Wanjun Zhong , Yifan Gao , Ning Ding , Zhiyuan Liu , Ming Zhou , Jiahai Wang , Jian Yin , Nan Duan