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In neuroscience, classical Hopfield networks are the standard biologically plausible model of long-term memory, relying on Hebbian plasticity for storage and attractor dynamics for recall. In contrast, memory-augmented neural networks in…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2021-10-28 Danil Tyulmankov , Ching Fang , Annapurna Vadaparty , Guangyu Robert Yang

The brain can reproduce memories from partial data; this ability is critical for memory recall. The process of memory recall has been studied using auto-associative networks such as the Hopfield model. This kind of model reliably converges…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2016-05-18 James P. Roach , Leonard M Sander , Michal R. Zochowski

Auto-associative neural networks (e.g., the Hopfield model implementing the standard Hebbian prescription) serve as a foundational framework for pattern recognition and associative memory in statistical mechanics. However, their…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2025-06-03 Elena Agliari , Andrea Alessandrelli , Adriano Barra , Martino Salomone Centonze , Federico Ricci-Tersenghi

This paper describes how realistic neuromorphic networks can have their connectivity fully characterized in analytical fashion. By assuming that all neurons have the same shape and are regularly distributed along the two-dimensional…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2007-05-23 Luciano da Fontoura Costa , Marconi Soares Barbosa

Long-sequence modeling faces a fundamental trade-off between the efficiency of compressive fixed-size memory in RNN-like models and the fidelity of lossless growing memory in attention-based Transformers. Inspired by the Multi-Store Model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Yunhao Fang , Weihao Yu , Shu Zhong , Qinghao Ye , Xuehan Xiong , Lai Wei

We propose and analyze a new variation of the so-called {\em exponential Hopfield model}, a recently introduced family of associative neural networks with unprecedented storage capacity. Our construction is based on a cost function defined…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2025-09-09 Linda Albanese , Andrea Alessandrelli , Adriano Barra , Peter Sollich

The organizational principles behind the connectivity of a complex network are known to influence its behavior. In this work we investigate, using the Hopfield model, the influence of the network architecture on the performance for…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2007-05-23 E. P. Rodrigues , M. S. Barbosa , L. da F. Costa

Associative memory, traditionally modeled by Hopfield networks, enables the retrieval of previously stored patterns from partial or noisy cues. Yet, the local computational principles which are required to enable this function remain…

Krotov and Hopfield (2021) proposed a biologically plausible two-layer associative memory network with memory storage capacity exponential in the number of visible neurons. However, the capacity was only linear in the number of hidden…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2026-03-11 Mohadeseh Shafiei Kafraj , Dmitry Krotov , Peter E. Latham

The exponential rise in data generation has led to vast, heterogeneous datasets crucial for predictive analytics and decision-making. Ensuring data quality and semantic integrity remains a challenge. This paper presents a brain-inspired…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-06 Ashwin Viswanathan Kannan , Johnson P Thomas , Abhimanyu Mukerji

Nowadays, neural network models achieve state-of-the-art results in many areas as computer vision or speech processing. For sequential data, especially for Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks, Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) and their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-02-23 Elie Azeraf , Emmanuel Monfrini , Emmanuel Vignon , Wojciech Pieczynski

We introduce a novel approach to endowing neural networks with emergent, long-term, large-scale memory. Distinct from strategies that connect neural networks to external memory banks via intricately crafted controllers and hand-designed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-18 Tri Huynh , Michael Maire , Matthew R. Walter

Networks in machine learning offer examples of complex high-dimensional dynamical systems reminiscent of biological systems. Here, we study the learning dynamics of Generalized Hopfield networks, which permit a visualization of internal…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2023-12-07 Nacer Eddine Boukacem , Allen Leary , Robin Thériault , Felix Gottlieb , Madhav Mani , Paul François

An important difference between brains and deep neural networks is the way they learn. Nervous systems learn online where a stream of noisy data points are presented in a non-independent, identically distributed (non-i.i.d.) way. Further,…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-07-28 Nick Alonso , Jeff Krichmar

Brain-inspired computing aims to mimic cognitive functions like associative memory, the ability to recall complete patterns from partial cues. Memristor technology offers promising hardware for such neuromorphic systems due to its potential…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Chengping He , Mingrui Jiang , Keyi Shan , Szu-Hao Yang , Zefan Li , Shengbo Wang , Giacomo Pedretti , Jim Ignowski , Can Li

In 1982 John Hopfield published a neural network model for memory retrieval, a model that became a cornerstone in theoretical neuroscience. A key ingredient of the Hopfield model was the use of a network dynamics that is governed by a…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2020-05-12 Merav Stern , Eric Shea-Brown

A ternary/binary data coding algorithm and conditions under which Hopfield networks implement optimal convolutional or Hamming decoding algorithms has been described. Using the coding/decoding approach (an optimal Binary Signal Detection…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Petro M. Gopych

We propose a two-stage memory retrieval dynamics for modern Hopfield models, termed $\mathtt{U\text{-}Hop}$, with enhanced memory capacity. Our key contribution is a learnable feature map $\Phi$ which transforms the Hopfield energy function…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Dennis Wu , Jerry Yao-Chieh Hu , Teng-Yun Hsiao , Han Liu

Firing rate models are dynamical systems widely used in applied and theoretical neuroscience to describe local cortical dynamics in neuronal populations. By providing a macroscopic perspective of neuronal activity, these models are…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2025-09-03 Simone Betteti , Giacomo Baggio , Francesco Bullo , Sandro Zampieri

We introduce a Hopfield-type associative memory in which effective connectivity is multiplicatively modulated by astrocytic gains evolving under an entropy-regularized replicator equation. The coupled neuron-astrocyte dynamics admit a…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2026-04-29 Arnau Vivet , Alex Arenas