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The Hopfield model provides a mathematically idealized yet insightful framework for understanding the mechanisms of memory storage and retrieval in the human brain. This model has inspired four decades of extensive research on learning and…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2025-05-14 Simone Betteti , Giacomo Baggio , Francesco Bullo , Sandro Zampieri

The aim of this thesis is to compare the capacity of different models of neural networks. We start by analysing the problem solving capacity of a single perceptron using a simple combinatorial argument. After some observations on the…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2022-11-15 Leonardo Cruciani

Memory-augmented spiking neural networks (SNNs) promise energy-efficient neuromorphic computing, yet their generalization across sensory modalities remains unexplored. We present the first comprehensive cross-modal ablation study of memory…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Effiong Blessing , Chiung-Yi Tseng , Somshubhra Roy , Junaid Rehman , Isaac Nkrumah

Sequential learning involves learning tasks in a sequence, and proves challenging for most neural networks. Biological neural networks regularly conquer the sequential learning challenge and are even capable of transferring knowledge both…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-03-06 Hayden McAlister , Anthony Robins , Lech Szymanski

The Hopfield model is a pioneering neural network model with associative memory retrieval. The analytical solution of the model in mean field limit revealed that memories can be retrieved without any error up to a finite storage capacity of…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2017-10-31 Do-Hyun Kim , Jinha Park , B. Kahng

The Hopfield associative memory model stores random patterns in synaptic couplings according to Hebb's rule and retrieves them through gradient descent on an energy function. This conventional setting, where neurons are assumed to have…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2026-01-23 Yoshiyuki Kabashima , Kazushi Mimura

Learning to remember long sequences remains a challenging task for recurrent neural networks. Register memory and attention mechanisms were both proposed to resolve the issue with either high computational cost to retain memory…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-10-04 Wei Zhang , Bowen Zhou

Storing memory for molecular recognition is an efficient strategy for responding to external stimuli. Biological processes use different strategies to store memory. In the olfactory cortex, synaptic connections form when stimulated by an…

Biological Physics · Physics 2021-06-07 Oskar H Schnaack , Luca Peliti , Armita Nourmohammad

Generative models, including diffusion models, are increasingly used as foundation models and adapted through sequential fine-tuning, making continual learning an essential problem setting. However, continual learning in such generative…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Ken Takeda , Masafumi Oizumi , Ryo Karakida

Associative memories are structures that store data in such a way that it can later be retrieved given only a part of its content -- a sort-of error/erasure-resilience property. They are used in applications ranging from caches and memory…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2013-04-23 Vincent Gripon , Michael Rabbat

We introduce Graph Hopfield Networks, whose energy function couples associative memory retrieval with graph Laplacian smoothing for node classification. Gradient descent on this joint energy yields an iterative update interleaving Hopfield…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Abinav Rao , Alex Wa , Rishi Athavale

When do language diffusion models memorize their training data, and how to quantitatively assess their true generative regime? We address these questions by showing that Uniform-based Discrete Diffusion Models (UDDMs) fundamentally behave…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Bao Pham , Mohammed J. Zaki , Luca Ambrogioni , Dmitry Krotov , Matteo Negri

In this paper, we investigate the associative memory in recurrent neural networks, based on the model of evolving neural networks proposed by Nolfi, Miglino and Parisi. Experimentally developed network has highly asymmetric synaptic weights…

adap-org · Physics 2008-02-03 Sh. Fujita , H. Nishimura

In "Large Associative Memory Problem in Neurobiology and Machine Learning," Dmitry Krotov and John Hopfield introduced a general technique for the systematic construction of neural ordinary differential equations with non-increasing energy…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2025-02-27 Vladimir Fanaskov , Ivan Oseledets

Reasoning is the ability to integrate internal states and external inputs in a meaningful and semantically consistent flow. Contemporary machine learning (ML) systems increasingly rely on such sequential reasoning, from language…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Simone Betteti , Giacomo Baggio , Sandro Zampieri

We introduce a three-dimensional vectorial extension of the Hopfield associative-memory model in which each neuron is a unit vector on $S^2$ and synaptic couplings are $3\times 3$ blocks generated through a vectorial Hebbian rule. The…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2025-12-10 F. Gallavotti , A. Zaccone

We consider two models of Hopfield-like associative memory with $q$-valued neurons: Potts-glass neural network (PGNN) and parametrical neural network (PNN). In these models neurons can be in more than two different states. The models have…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2007-05-23 B. V. Kryzhanovsky , L. B. Litinskii , A. L. Mikaelian

We present a nonparametric interpretation for deep learning compatible modern Hopfield models and utilize this new perspective to debut efficient variants. Our key contribution stems from interpreting the memory storage and retrieval…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-06-10 Jerry Yao-Chieh Hu , Bo-Yu Chen , Dennis Wu , Feng Ruan , Han Liu

We introduce the Dreaming $L$-directional Associative Memory (DLAM), a multi-layer Hebbian architecture in which off-line dreaming and supervised heteroassociative coupling coexist within a single energy function, placing our approach…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2026-05-14 Adriano Barra , Fabrizio Durante , Andrea Ladiana , Michela Marra Solazzo

This paper presents a neural network model (associative memory model) for memory and recall of images. In this model, only a single neuron can memorize multi-images and when that neuron is activated, it is possible to recall all the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Hiroshi Inazawa