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While Quantum Convolutional Neural Networks (QCNNs) offer a theoretical paradigm for quantum machine learning, their practical implementation is severely bottlenecked by barren plateaus -- the exponential vanishing of gradients -- and poor…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Radhakrishnan Delhibabu

The ZX-calculus is a graphical calculus for reasoning about quantum systems and processes. It is known to be universal for pure state qubit quantum mechanics, meaning any pure state, unitary operation and post-selected pure projective…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-09-22 Miriam Backens

Quantum machine learning (QML) is a promising early use case for quantum computing. There has been progress in the last five years from theoretical studies and numerical simulations to proof of concepts. Use cases demonstrated on…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-04-30 Daniel Goldsmith , M M Hassan Mahmud

Categorical Quantum Mechanics, and graphical calculi in particular, has proven to be an intuitive and powerful way to reason about quantum computing. This work continues the exploration of graphical calculi, inside and outside of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-10-09 Hector Miller-Bakewell

At the intersection of machine learning and quantum computing, Quantum Machine Learning (QML) has the potential of accelerating data analysis, especially for quantum data, with applications for quantum materials, biochemistry, and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-17 M. Cerezo , Guillaume Verdon , Hsin-Yuan Huang , Lukasz Cincio , Patrick J. Coles

Continuous-variable (CV) quantum information processing is a promising candidate for large-scale fault-tolerant quantum computation. However, analysis of CV quantum process relies mostly on direct computation of the evolution of operators…

Quantum machine learning (QML) is rapidly transitioning from theoretical promise to practical relevance across data-intensive scientific domains. In this Review, we provide a structured overview of recent advances that bridge foundational…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-25 Vinit Singh , Amandeep Singh Bhatia , Mandeep Kaur Saggi , Manas Sajjan , Sabre Kais

Machine learning has achieved dramatic success in a broad spectrum of applications. Its interplay with quantum physics may lead to unprecedented perspectives for both fundamental research and commercial applications, giving rise to an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-12-10 Weikang Li , Dong-Ling Deng

ZX-calculus is graphical language for quantum computing which usually focuses on qubits. In this paper, we generalise qubit ZX-calculus to qudit ZX-calculus in any finite dimension by introducing suitable generators, especially a carefully…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-09-20 Quanlong Wang

Machine learning and quantum machine learning (QML) have gained significant importance, as they offer powerful tools for tackling complex computational problems across various domains. This work gives an extensive overview of QML uses in…

ZX-calculus is a strict mathematical formalism for graphical quantum computing which is based on the field of complex numbers. In this paper, we extend its power by generalising ZX-calculus to such an extent that it is universal both in an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-10-13 Quanlong Wang

The ZX-Calculus is a powerful graphical language for quantum mechanics and quantum information processing. The completeness of the language -- i.e. the ability to derive any true equation -- is a crucial question. In the quest of a complete…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-06-27 Emmanuel Jeandel , Simon Perdrix , Renaud Vilmart , Quanlong Wang

Graphical calculi such as the ZH-calculus are powerful tools in the study and analysis of quantum processes, with links to other models of quantum computation such as quantum circuits, measurement-based computing, etc. A somewhat compact…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-07-05 Renaud Vilmart

The ZX-calculus is a graphical language for suitably represented tensor networks, called ZX-diagrams. Calculations are performed by transforming ZX-diagrams with rewrite rules. The ZX-calculus has found applications in reasoning about…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2022-06-22 Alex Townsend-Teague , Konstantinos Meichanetzidis

Quantum computing is an emerging technology in which quantum mechanical properties are suitably utilized to perform certain compute-intensive operations faster than classical computers. Quantum algorithms are designed as a combination of…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2023-06-06 Aravind Joshi , Akshara Kairali , Renju Raju , Adithya Athreya , Reena Monica P , Sanjay Vishwakarma , Srinjoy Ganguly

The discard ZX-calculus is known to be complete and universal for mixed-state quantum mechanics, allowing for both quantum and classical processes. However, if the quantum aspects of ZX-calculus have been explored in depth, little work has…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-07 Titouan Carette , Daniela Cojocaru , Renaud Vilmart

As state-of-the-art quantum computers are capable of running increasingly complex algorithms, the need for automated methods to design and test potential applications rises. Equivalence checking of quantum circuits is an important, yet…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-08-30 Tom Peham , Lukas Burgholzer , Robert Wille

Quantum machine learning holds the promise of combining the success of classical machine learning methods with the power of quantum computing, however one of the largest obstacles facing the field is the problem of barren plateaus.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-11 Tiffany Duneau , Colin Krawchuk , Anna Pearson

Quantum circuit cutting refers to a series of techniques that allow one to partition a quantum computation on a large quantum computer into several quantum computations on smaller devices. This usually comes at the price of a sampling…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-09 Marco Schumann , Tobias Stollenwerk , Alessandro Ciani

Quantum machine learning (QML) is a rapidly growing field that combines quantum computing principles with traditional machine learning. It seeks to revolutionize machine learning by harnessing the unique capabilities of quantum mechanics…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-15 Jun Qi , Chao-Han Yang , Samuel Yen-Chi Chen , Pin-Yu Chen