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Deep Equilibrium Models (DEQs) are an interesting class of implicit model where the model output is implicitly defined as the fixed point of a learned function. These models have been shown to outperform explicit (fixed-depth) models in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Sam McCallum , Kamran Arora , James Foster

Deep equilibrium models (DEQs) have proven to be very powerful for learning data representations. The idea is to replace traditional (explicit) feedforward neural networks with an implicit fixed-point equation, which allows to decouple the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-25 Bac Nguyen , Lukas Mauch

Implicit deep learning has recently gained popularity with applications ranging from meta-learning to Deep Equilibrium Networks (DEQs). In its general formulation, it relies on expressing some components of deep learning pipelines…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-25 Zaccharie Ramzi , Pierre Ablin , Gabriel Peyré , Thomas Moreau

Implicit equilibrium models, i.e., deep neural networks (DNNs) defined by implicit equations, have been becoming more and more attractive recently. In this paper, we investigate an emerging question: can an implicit equilibrium model's…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-08 Xingyu Xie , Qiuhao Wang , Zenan Ling , Xia Li , Yisen Wang , Guangcan Liu , Zhouchen Lin

Implicit models such as Deep Equilibrium Models (DEQs) have garnered significant attention in the community for their ability to train infinite layer models with elegant solution-finding procedures and constant memory footprint. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-23 Haobo Song , Soumajit Majumder , Tao Lin

Deep Equilibrium Models (DEQs) have emerged as a powerful paradigm in deep learning, offering the ability to model infinite-depth networks with constant memory usage. However, DEQs incur significant inference latency due to the iterative…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Junchao Lin , Zenan Ling , Jingwen Xu , Robert C. Qiu

Classical neural ODEs trained with explicit methods are intrinsically limited by stability, crippling their efficiency and robustness for stiff learning problems that are common in graph learning and scientific machine learning. We present…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Hong Zhang , Ying Liu , Romit Maulik

A deep equilibrium model uses implicit layers, which are implicitly defined through an equilibrium point of an infinite sequence of computation. It avoids any explicit computation of the infinite sequence by finding an equilibrium point…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-19 Kenji Kawaguchi

Learning neural ODEs often requires solving very stiff ODE systems, primarily using explicit adaptive step size ODE solvers. These solvers are computationally expensive, requiring the use of tiny step sizes for numerical stability and…

A deep equilibrium model (DEQ) is implicitly defined through an equilibrium point of an infinite-depth weight-tied model with an input-injection. Instead of infinite computations, it solves an equilibrium point directly with root-finding…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-30 Zenan Ling , Xingyu Xie , Qiuhao Wang , Zongpeng Zhang , Zhouchen Lin

We present a new approach to modeling sequential data: the deep equilibrium model (DEQ). Motivated by an observation that the hidden layers of many existing deep sequence models converge towards some fixed point, we propose the DEQ approach…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-30 Shaojie Bai , J. Zico Kolter , Vladlen Koltun

Deep equilibrium models (DEQ) have emerged as a powerful alternative to deep unfolding (DU) for image reconstruction. DEQ models-implicit neural networks with effectively infinite number of layers-were shown to achieve state-of-the-art…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-10-11 Weijie Gan , Chunwei Ying , Parna Eshraghi , Tongyao Wang , Cihat Eldeniz , Yuyang Hu , Jiaming Liu , Yasheng Chen , Hongyu An , Ulugbek S. Kamilov

Many tasks in deep learning involve optimizing over the \emph{inputs} to a network to minimize or maximize some objective; examples include optimization over latent spaces in a generative model to match a target image, or adversarially…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-29 Swaminathan Gurumurthy , Shaojie Bai , Zachary Manchester , J. Zico Kolter

This paper focuses on training implicit models of infinite layers. Specifically, previous works employ implicit differentiation and solve the exact gradient for the backward propagation. However, is it necessary to compute such an exact but…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-13 Zhengyang Geng , Xin-Yu Zhang , Shaojie Bai , Yisen Wang , Zhouchen Lin

We propose a new class of implicit networks, the multiscale deep equilibrium model (MDEQ), suited to large-scale and highly hierarchical pattern recognition domains. An MDEQ directly solves for and backpropagates through the equilibrium…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-25 Shaojie Bai , Vladlen Koltun , J. Zico Kolter

In recent years, implicit deep learning has emerged as a method to increase the effective depth of deep neural networks. While their training is memory-efficient, they are still significantly slower to train than their explicit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-13 Zaccharie Ramzi , Florian Mannel , Shaojie Bai , Jean-Luc Starck , Philippe Ciuciu , Thomas Moreau

Deep equilibrium (DEQ) models replace the multiple-layer stacking of conventional deep networks with a fixed-point iteration of a single-layer transformation. Having been demonstrated to be competitive in a variety of real-world scenarios,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-05 Zonghan Yang , Peng Li , Tianyu Pang , Yang Liu

Deep Equilibrium Model (DEQ), which serves as a typical implicit neural network, emphasizes their memory efficiency and competitive performance compared to explicit neural networks. However, there has been relatively limited theoretical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-05 Haixiang Sun , Ye Shi

Implicit models, an emerging model class, compute outputs by iterating a single parameter block to a fixed point. This architecture realizes an infinite-depth, weight-tied network that trains with constant memory, significantly reducing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Jialin Liu , Lisang Ding , Stanley Osher , Wotao Yin

Equivariant imaging (EI) enables training signal reconstruction models without requiring ground truth data by leveraging signal symmetries. Deep equilibrium models (DEQs) are a powerful class of neural networks where the output is a fixed…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-25 Alexander Mehta , Ruangrawee Kitichotkul , Vivek K Goyal , Julián Tachella
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